Semester 2 History Final

Christian humanism

the movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance that combined classical learning and individualism with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church

salvation

the condition in which one achieves the goal of getting to Heaven either through faith or through faith and works

indulgence

a signed document given by the Pope or church officials that released a person from all or part of the punishment for sin it reduced the time spent in purgatory after death

Lutheranism

religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation which Luther believed was achieved by faith alone, not by good works

Martin Luther

German monk of the Catholic Church and professor at the University of Wittenberg who developed alternative ideas to how the Catholic Church should function he sought to reform some of the doctrine of the Catholic Church, especially as it pertained to salvation credited with beginning the Protestant Reformation as a result of writing his 95 Theses

Ninety five Theses

written work by Martin Luther that revealed his concerns with the abuses of the Roman Catholic Church

Peace of Augsburg

formal agreement in Germany that officially ended the violence among German states and divided Christianity in Germany

predestination

the belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)

King Henry VIII

king of England who sought to separate from the Roman Catholic Church sought for the right to annul his marriage was granted the position of supreme head on earth of the Church of England

Mary I

daughter of Henry VIII who came to power after Edward VI’s death “bloody Mary” known for having 300 Protestants burned as she tried to restore Roman Catholicism to England created even more protests as a result of her actions

Anabaptists

group of Protestants who opposed Luther’s views of allowing state leaders to be in charge of church affairs proposed the complete separation of church and state refused to hold political office or bear arms

cartography

the art and science of mapmaking

conquistador

a leader in the Spanish conquest of America

colony

settlement of people living in a new territory linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas

Middle Passage

forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas

encomienda

labor system used by the Spanish in which Spanish landowners living in the Americas had the right to use Native Americans as laborers

Gold, Glory, and God

Why did Europeans want to explore and expand their territories?

Ferdinand Magellan

Spain-sailed around the world (circumnavigate)

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portugal funded excursions to explore around the tip of Africa established a school for sailing

Marco Polo

Italian who traveled to China and spent time in Kublai Khan’s court wrote book, brought spices back

heretic

one who does not conform to established religious doctrine

inflation

a rapid increase in prices of goods (usually accompanied with a decrease in the value of currency)

absolutism

a political system in which a ruler holds total power

natural rights

rights with which all humans are born, including the rights to life, liberty, and property

divine right of kings

the belief that the kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

Anglicans

followers of the Church of England (Anglican church)

Puritans

English Protestants who believed that the Church of England needed further reform and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship

William Shakespeare

play writer, actor, and shareholder in the chief theater company of the time

Queen Elizabeth I

Queen of England who was named “the only supreme governor” of both church and state by the Act of Supremacy followed Protestantism

James II

brother to Charles II who inherited the throne openly Catholic lost the throne in the Glorious Revolution to William the Orange and Mary(his daughter)

William of Orange

Dutch leader who was invited by English nobles to invade England (attempt to remove James II from power)

separation of powers

form of government in which the branches of government limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances

social contract

entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community

federal system

a form of government in which power is shared between the national and State governments

Isaac Newton

mathematician greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution explained laws of motion gravity

Charles Louis de Secondat

the baron of Montesquieu (Montesquieu) French noble developed the idea of separation of powers in government using a system of checks and balances to prevent any one group from becoming too powerful

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher who promoted the concept of laissez faire gave government 3 duties

Jean Jacques Rousseau

most famous philosopher of the Enlightenment developed the idea of a social contract (society governed by the will of the people all forced to abide by it)

John Wesley

developed a new religious movement in England (Methodism) idea of conversion which led to doing good works

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

child prodigy seen as the greatest composer known to Haydn.

Francis Bacon

English philosopher who developed the Scientific Method

bourgeoisie

France’s middle class (of the third estate)

electors

qualified voters

coup d’e’tat

sudden overthrow of the government

nationalism

unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols

liberalism

a political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties (basic rights of all people) should be protected

First Estate

highest class in French society clergy

Second Estate

2nd highest class in French society nobles

Third Estate

lowest class in French society mostly peasants and middle class

Reign of Terror

government policies set by the Committee of Public Safety and led by Robespierre that aimed to prosecute counterrevolutionaries and traitors

Maximilien Robespierre

leader of the Committee of Public Safety who helped adopt and promote a government practice known as The Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte

military general who worked his way up the ranks and eventually took control of France and declared himself emperor eventually was defeated and sent into exile

cottage industry

a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes

industrial capitalism

an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing

socialism

a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production

militarism

the reliance on military strength

kaiser

the German word for “caesar”; the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire

regime

the government in power

cash crop

a crop that is grown for sale rather than for personal use

romanticism

an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment;  it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing

natural selection

a life process proposed by Charles Darwin that suggests some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others

realism

a mid nineteenth century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower and middle class life as it actually was

assembly line

a manufacturing method created by Henry Ford that allowed much more efficient mass production of goods goods would be transferred down a line in which multiple persons would help build the product

mass production

production of goods in quantity, usually by machinery

feminism

the movement for women’s rights

suffrage

the right to vote

ministerial responsibility

the idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body and not to the king or president

modernism

a movement in which writers and artists between 1870 and 1914 rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated European cultural life since the Renaissance

abstract

a style of art, emerging around 1910, that spoke directly to the soul and avoided visual reality by using only lines and color

psychoanalysis

a method by which a therapist and patient probe deeply into the patient’s memory; by making the patient’s conscious mind aware of repressed thoughts,healing can take place

Social Darwinism

theory used by Western nations in the late nineteenth century to justify their dominance; it was based on Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection, “the survival of the fittest,” and applied to modern human activities

Zionism

an international movement originally for the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, where ancient Israel was located, and later for the support of modern Israel

imperialism

the extension of a nation’s power over other lands

racism

the belief that race determines a person’s traits and capabilities

indirect rule

a colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status

direct rule

colonial government in which local elites were removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the colonizing country

annex

to incorporate into an existing political unit such as a city or country

David Livingstone

European explorer who sought to explore central Africa mapping it, while looking for a naviagable river to open up central Africa to Europe.

indigenous

native to a region

viceroy

a governor who ruled as a representative to a monarch

Mohandas Gandhi

an Indian who studied in London, became a lawyer, worked in South Africa, and returned to India and became active in the nonviolent resistance to the British government in efforts to provide India its independence

dollar diplomacy

diplomacy that seeks to strengthen the power of a country or effect its purposes in foreign relations by the use of its financial resources

Trench warfare

war on the western front where soldiers dug and fought from trenches not much movement occurred on either side

Triple Entente

alliance of Russia, France, and Great Britain

Triple Alliance

alliance of Germany, Italy, Austria Hungary

Total war

war that involved the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens of warring countries

Mobilization for war

the process of assembling troops and supplies for war

Initial causes for the World War I escalating

nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliances, and the desire to control internal disputes within one’s own country

Bolshevik Revolution (Russian Revolution)

uprising in Russia in which a political party the Bolsheviks, led by V.I. Lenin, were dedicated to revolution and took over the power of Russia

Lawrence of Arabia

British officer who encouraged princes of nations in the Middle East to revolt agains the Ottoman Empire

War of attrition

war based on wearing down the opponent by use of constant attacks and heavy losses

Western front

the war front in western Europe that was primarily in France between the French and Germans

Ottoman Empire’s end

The Ottoman Empire was broken up at the Peace Treaty territories became mandates to the winning powers despite the Middle East nations being promised their independence

President Woodrow Wilson

President of the US who proposed the peace treaty that was based on democracy and international cooperation. He established the League of Nations to help maintain peace and order.

mercantilism

seventeenth-century economic theory that held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver

peninsulares

Spanish and Portuguese officials who resided temporarily in Latin America

absolutism

idea that rulers hold total power

Oliver Cromwell

 

military genius who created the New Model Army and became dictator of England

show keen insight into human nature

William Shakespeare is viewed as a genius because his works….