Speech Science Exam 1

acoustics

study of physics of sound

kinematics

study of motion

dynamics

study of forces that cause movement

psychoacoustics

study of relationship between physical properties and our perception of those properties

speech production

The generation of airflow and the creation of air pressures by the displacement (movement) of bodily structures that result in the production of linguistically meaningful sound.

The generation of phonemes by structures of the vocal tract above the larynx, particularly the oral cavity

voice production

The generation of sound waves by vibration of the vocal folds which are then modified by the vocal tract.

domains of preclinical speech science

speech production

speech acoustics

speech perception

swallowing

within domain of preclinical speech science

levels of observation

subsystems of speech production

swallowing

applications of data

levels of observation

neural

muscular

structural

aeromechanical

acoustic

perceptual

neural level of observation

nervous system events during speech production and swallowing

motor planning and execution and all forms of afferent and sensory information that influence ongoing control of speech production and swallowing

parts of brain, spinal cord, and cranial and spinal nerves important to speech production and swallowing and underlying neural mechanisms

muscular level of observation

influence of muscle forces on speech production and swallowing

mechanical bulls and electrical activities associated with muscle contractions

structural level of observation

anatomical structures and movements of speech production and swallowing apparatus

bone, muscle, ligaments, membranes

displacements, velocities, accelerations/deaccelerations of structures and how they are timed in relation to movements of other structures

aeromechanical level of observation

air

movements of structures impart energy to air by compressing/decompressing it and causing it to flow from 1 region to another

air modified by speech production and swallowing apparatus

products are complex rapid and nearly continuous changes in air pressures, airflows and air volumes

acoustic level of observation

generation of speech sounds

sonorous buzz like hiss like and pop like sounds that result from speaker’s valving of airstream in different ways and at different locations within speech production apparatus

radiates from mouth and nose

through continuous air pressure changes experienced as sound waves

coded- frequency, sound pressure level, and time are what constitute speech, the acoustic representation of spoken language

important for face to face communication and telephones, radios, TVs etc.

perceptual level of observation

auditory analysis of speech signal allows the listener to recognize phonetic cues that are consistent with listener’s knowledge of sound system of language

speaker also perceives own speech acoustic signal, using it to check that signal she intended is the one she produced

visual info is another source

swallowing- subconscious of kinesthesia and proprioception (awareness of position and movement characteristics of body structures), also guided by touch and pressure sensations

taste- taste receptors on tongue and consistency of food

cognitive processes

breathing apparatus

include structures below larynx within neck and torso

pulmonary apparatus- pulmonary airways and lungs

chest wall apparatus- rib cage wall, diaphragm, abdominal wall, and abdominal content

speech production- provides necessary driving forces while simultaneously serving the functions of ventilation and gas exchange

swallowing- apnea (breath holding) to protect the pulmonary airways and lungs from intrusion of unwanted substances (liquids and foods)

laryngeal apparatus

lies between trachea (windpipe) and pharynx (throat) and adjusted the coupling between the 2

laryngeal airway is open to allow air movement in and out of breathing apparatus, it can be adjusted to obstruct or construct the airway

velopharyngeal-nasal apparatus

upper pharynx, velum, nasal cavities, and outer nose

breathing through nose, velopharyngeal-nasal airway is open

speaking- size of velopharyngeal port varies, depending on nature of speech produced

swallowing- keep velopharynx sealed airtight

pharyngeal-oral apparatus

middle and lower pharynx, oral cavity, and oral vestibule

open during inspiration and makes different adjustments for consonant/vowel production in expiration

swallowing- prepares food and liquid and propels to esophagus

mechanism (application of data)

foundational bases for knowing how speech is produced and how swallowing is performed

evaluation (application of data)

quantitative determinations of status and functional capabilities of an individual’s speech production, speech, and swallowing

check if abnormality exists

if exists, make a diagnosis, develop a rational, effective, and efficient management plan, monitor progress during course of management, and provide a reasonable prognosis as to the extent and speed of improvement to be expected

management (application of data)

adjust individual variables or combinations of variables

staging order of different interventions

providing feedback about speech production and swallowing processes, products and experiments

info about outcomes and whether or not interventions are effective, efficient, and long lasting

compare and contrast different interventions to arrive at optimal choices

use in forensics (application of data)

scientific facts and expert opinion as they relate to legal issues

issue pertaining to speaker identification, speaker status under influence of drugs or alcohol, speaker intent at deceit etc.

personal injury claims or malpractice claims

acoustic level of observation for audition

frequencies, amplitudes and temporal characteristics of pressure waves that enter the ear at its opening to the atmosphere

acoustic level in speech is public, analyzed by instruments to extract and modify the spectral content and the way it varies over time

aeromechanical level of observation for audition

auditory system responds to acoustic pressure wave with mechanical vibrations of auditory structures

pressure waves reveal analysis capabilities of human ear

structural level of observation for audition

anatomy of auditory system

physiology of hearing

muscular level of observation for audition

muscles cause subtle movements of the pinna

contraction of 2 muscles in middle ear behind TM stiffens the ossicles and TM and in doing so reduces the transmission of sound energy from air to the cochlea

one muscle minimizes the possibility of damage to cochlea when auditory system exposed to extremely intense sounds

mechanosensory level of observation for audition

transduction of mechanical energy to neurochemical energy that is observed when fluid displacements within cochlea are transformed into neurochemical energy

takes place at hair cells within cochlea- fluid bends the hair cell which cause electrical potential of hair cells to change, which in turn releases a neurotransmitter that initiates firing of nerve fibers in auditory nerve

neural level of observation for audition

auditory nerve

inside brainstem fibers travel to brainstem nuclei which sends fibers to increasingly higher levels of central nervous system until they reach cell bodies in the cortex

subsystems of auditory system

outer ear

middle ear

inner ear and auditory nerve

central auditory pathways

outer ear subsystem of audition

pinna, external auditory meatus

when exposed to sound- pressure waves emphasize energy at certain frequencies and de-emphasize energy at other frequencies

middle ear subsystem of audition

1 surface of 3-layer TM- vibrating in response to sound energy conducted down the external ear canal

3 connected ossicles that transmit vibrations of TM to cochlea

opening of auditory tube that leads to a closed tube in pharynx

2 muscles that contract to stiffen ossicles, to make transmission of sound energy from TM to cochlea less efficient

segments of several nerves and blood vessels

inner ear subsystem of audition

bony, fluid-filled cochlea, ganglia, and cranial nerve VIII- composed of auditory and vestibular nerves

vestibule where sensory apparatus for balance is located

central auditory pathway subsystem of audition

nuclei and fiber tracts that connect nuclei to other parts of the brain

transmission of auditory info from brain stem to auditory cortex

cells perform analysis of auditory info, including perception of speech

understanding mechanism application of audition data

knowledge of structure and function of auditory system

SLPs must know how to communicate with professionals who are not as well versed in the info

evaluation of hearing disorders application of audition data

audiologists and testing

management application of audition data

restoration of hearing function for those with HL

provision of auditory stimulation to those born deaf or deafened by disease or accident

hearing aid devices

forensics application of audition data

clinical tests that can detect functional hearing skills in persons who claim extensive or complete HL due to accidents, disease, or other factors

parts of breathing apparatus

clavicle, humerus, ribs, pelvic girdle, sternum, costal cartilage, scapula, vertebral column, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

parts of pulmonary apparatus

trachea, pulmonary airways, lungs

parts of chest wall

rib cage wall, abdominal wall, diaphragm, abdominal content

pulmonary apparatus-chest wall unit

linked by pleural membranes

when pulmonary apparatus removed from chest wall, resting position is a collapsed state in which it contains very little air

When the chest wall is in resting position, it expands

Resting position when they are together is the pulmonary apparatus is expanded and chest wall is compressed

resting size of pulmonary apparatus is larger when linked than unlinked

resting size of chest wall is smaller when linked than unlinked

passive force

comes from natural recoil of muscles, cartilages, ligaments and lung tissue, surface tension of alveoli, and pull of gravity

causes breathing apparatus to behave like a coil spring when stretched or compressed tends to recoil toward its resting length

active force

comes from actions of muscles of chest wall

more air in apparatus, greater the active force that can be generated to to expire

and less air in apparatus, the greater the active force can be generated to inspire

rib cage wall muscles, diaphragm muscles, abdominal wall muscles

sternoclidomastoid

elevates sternum and clavicle and ribs

scalenus anterior

elevates first rib

scalenus medius

elevates first rib

scalenus posterior

elevates second rib

pectoralis major

elevates sternum and ribs

pectoralis major

elevates second through fifth rib

subclavius

elevates first rib

serratus anterior

elevates upper rib

external intercostals

elevates ribs and stiffens their interspaces

internal intercostals

depress ribs and stiffen interspaces

transverse thoracis

depresses second through sixth ribs

latissimus dorsi

depresses rib cage wall

fibers in lower ribs can elevate

serratus posterior inferior

depresses lower 4 ribs

lateral iliocostalis cervicis

elevates third through sixth ribs

lateral iliocostalis lumborum

depresses the lower six ribs

lateral iliocostalis thoracis

stabilizes back of rib cage wall and moves in concert with cervicis and or lumborum parts of muscle group

levatores costarum

elevate ribs

quadratus lumborum

depresses lower rib

subcostals

depress ribs

diaphragm

breathing

pulls downward on central tendon to enlarge the thorax vertically and/or elevates the lower 6 ribs to enlarge thorax circumferentially

forms floor of thorax

rectus abdominis

depress lower ribs and sternum

external oblique

depresses lower 8 ribs and forces front and sides of abdominal wall inward

internal oblique

depresses lower ribs and forces front and sides of abdominal wall inward

transverse abdominis

forces front and side of abdominal wall inward

types of rib cage movement

vertical excursion of its front end and is either upward and forward or downward an backward, resulting in an increase or decrease in front to back diameter of rib cage (changes front-to-back dimension)

vertical excursion along side of rib cage- rotation of ribs round an axis extending between 2 ends, rotation is upward and outward or downward and inward resulting in an increase or decrease in side to side diameter of rib cage (changes side-to-side dimension)

movements of diaphragm

Pulls downward on central tendon to enlarge the thorax vertically by pulling down on central tendon

Enlarge thorax circumferentially by elevating lower ribs

movement of abdominal wall

Inward movement flattens abdominal wall and outward movement increases the degree to which the abdominal wall protrudes

rib cage vs. abdominal wall diaphragm

The rib cage wall covers more area of lungs than abdominal wall diaphragm (3 times more surface area)

small movements of rib cage wall can have large effects on lung volume change and alveolar pressure change

one part of chest move another part of chest wall

Breathing apparatus exert forces that may cause movements.

Some confined to parts of chest wall in which they occur.

Others are result of actions between different parts of chest wall; possible for 1 part of chest wall to cause movements in other part of chest wall

alveolar pressure

sum of all passive and active forces operating on the breathing apparatus

inside lungs

chest wall shape

Surface configuration of rib cage wall and abdominal wall, 2 parts of the chest wall that can be observed externally

control of tidal breathing

automatic breathing

controlled by brainstem breathing centers (medulla)

control of special acts of breathing

voluntary acts of breathing

controlled by higher brain centers

can override brainstem breathing centers

sent directly to spinal nerves

resting tidal breathing

ventilation and gas exchange

ventilation- movement of air into and out of pulmonary apparatus

gas exchange- delivery of oxygen to body and removal of carbon dioxide from it

spinal nerves

C1-L2- rib cage wall

C2-C5- diaphragm

T7-L2- abdominal wall

upright, supine

chest wall muscles are active in upright

rib cage wall is active in supine

inspiratory checking

muscles must be activated to hold back the high expiratory relation pressure

inspiratory rib cage wal lmuscles

muscle group responsible for inspiratory checking

abdominal wall and extended steady utterance

strategy for enhancing precision and control of speech breathing

running speech muscles

expiratory rib cage and abdominal wall

abdominal- most active

gravity on breathing apparatus

In supine, the respiratory system becomes smaller because gravity pulls downward on rib cage wall and abdominal wall and moves diaphragm headward. This makes thorax smaller and some air moves out of pulmonary apparatus

inspiratory checking muscles in supine

diaphragm

running speech production pressure

expiratory rib cage wall muscles and abdominal wall

body types and speech breathing

Endomorphic (fat)- pull abdominal wall inward farther and move it a greater distance during speaking

Ectomorphic (skinny)- with the flat abdominal wall, there is already a well-positioned diaphragm and does not need to move abdominal wall during speech breathing

age and speech breathing

The amount of air expired per breath becomes increasingly larger as the size of a child increase

Speech breathing becomes less variable as children grow older

Adults tend to be rather consistent in their speech breathing

Elderly people (7 or 8 decade) - tend to expend more air per syllable and take deeper breaths before speaking, in anticipation of an increased air loss

high drive and speech breathing

Speaking can become a struggle

Ventilation increases with the magnitude of stimulus; larger tidal volumes, faster breathing, frequencies, or both

cognitive-linguistic and social variables and speech breathing

Cognitive-linguistic- inspirations occur in sentence, clause and phrase boundaries, especially during reading aloud; expiration in silent pauses, are accompanied by breath holding seem to be associated with particularly high cognitive-linguistic demands

Social variables- turn-taking in conversation, oscillations in ventilation occur during conversation and resting tidal inspiration are quicker when listening to someone speak than in quiet, breathing movements between conversation partners tend to be similar to each other while turn-taking

lungs

porous and spongy

5 lobes, 3 on right, 2 on left

covered by thin membrane called visceral pleura

inner chest wall covered by thin membrane called parietal pleura

pleural linkage- connects lungs to chest wall

rib cage wall

forms most of thorax

surrounds the lungs (except bottom)

consists of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum, and pectoral girdle

abdominal wall

consists of 15 lower vertebrae pelvic girdle, muscles, and connective tissue (abdominal aponeurosis and lumbodorsal fascia)

abdominal content

stomach, intestines, etc.

essentially density of water

suspended from undersurface of diaphragm by suction force

pleural pressure

inside thorax and outside lungs (between pleural membrane)

abdominal pressure

within abdominal cavity

transdiaphragmatic pressure

difference between pleural and abdominal pressures

volume

size of 3-dimensional object or space

size of breathing apparatus

volume change (without pressure change) requires open larynx and upper airway

divided into lung volumes and capacities

tidal volume

volume of air inspired or expired during breathing cycle

lung volume