cario-saliva

SALIVA

is nature’s anticaries agent

with direct anti- bacterial activity

produced mainly by three large pairs of glands

parotid glands

submandibular glands

sublingual glands

three large pairs of glands:

Parotid glands

- secrete thin, watery saliva rich in amylase (an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar)

    Submandibular glands

– secrete viscous slimy saliva rich in mucin (a protein lubricant that also protects body surfaces)

Sublingual glands

- produce viscous saliva

0.7—1.5 L

SALIVA  amount secreted per day is

0.25mL per minute

  average without stimulation:

stimulated:

0.7mL per minute

stimulated:

submandibular glands = 2/3 of the total

without stimulation saliva is secreted by:

parotid glands = 50%

submandibular glands = 35%

with  stimulation: saliva is secreted by:

minor salivary glands in the tongue, lips, and palate.

10% of the daily volume of saliva comes from the

minor salivary glands

tongue, lips, and palate.

1. Water

2. Electrolytes

3. Organic Components

(proteins, glycoproteins, enzymes)

COMPOSITION OF SALIVA

WATER - CLEARANCE RATE

   the dilution and elimination of substances in the oral cavity, which can be fast or slow

  salivary flow rate

volume of saliva

clearance is affected by:

WATER - SOLUBILIZATION

- the process whereby something becomes soluble or more soluble

BOLUS

- is a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing

DETRITUS

-waste

WATER - BACTERIAL CLEARANCE

- the flushing effect of salivary flow is, by itself, adequate to remove virtually all microorganisms not adherent (called planktons or free-floating) to an oral surface

ELECTROLYTES

   Maintain supersaturated calcium and phosphate concentrations in saliva with regard to hydroxyapatite (HAP)

ELECTROLYTES

  Neutralization of acid by buffering actions

   Calcium

  Inorganic phosphate

Bicarbonate

Fluoride

From the caries disease angle, the most important electrolytes are:

ELECTROLYTES: BUFFERS

maintain an approximately constant pH when small amounts of either acid or base are added or when the solution is diluted

ELECTROLYTES: BUFFERS

  is a substance which, to a certain

degree, resists changes in pH

  phosphate system

bicarbonate system

   In the development of caries disease the two following buffer systems are important:

  phosphate system

bicarbonate system

work together as an anti-solubility factor and modulate demineralization and remineralization

phosphate system

   is active in unstimulated saliva

bicarbonate (HCO3) system

works at a lower pH than the phosphate system (around 6)

bicarbonate (HCO3) system

    This ensures that saliva pH is maintained well above the critical pH

bicarbonate (HCO3) system

  works best with stimulated saliva, because the concentration of HCO3- increases with increasing flow rate

Amylase-

Degradation of starch

Lysozyme

- Antimicrobial activity by destruction of bacterial cell membranes

Lactoferrin

- Antimicrobial activity by high affinity for iron

Peroxidase

- Antimicrobial activity and protection against H₂O₂

Agglutinin

- Antimicrobial activity by agglutination of bacteria to large aggregates

Statherin

- Inhibits spontaneous precipitation

Antibodies

- IgA/IgG, IgM inhibition of adhesion, enhancement of phagocytosis

HYPOSALIVATION

is a diagnosis made when the salivary flow rate is: unstimulated = ▼0.1mL/min and/or stimulated = ▼0.7mL/min

unstimulated = ▼0.1mL/min and/or stimulated = ▼0.7mL/min

HYPOSALIVATION XEROSTOMIA ⎯ is a diagnosis made when the salivary flow rate is:

▼0.16mL/min

A salivary flow rate ▲the risk of developing caries

XEROSTOMIAXEROSTOMIA

subjective feeling (symptom) of a sensation of oral dryness (DRY MOUTH)

amylase

(an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar)

mucin

(a protein lubricant that also protects body surfaces)

(proteins, glycoproteins, enzymes)

Organic Components

microorganisms not adherent (called planktons or free-floating)