American Pageant Chapter 18 by Ashton Wong ft. Bennett Enright

What was the wise strategy of politicians to avoid the slavery issue?

What were the politicians in the South called who were proslavery and chose not to avoid the slavery issue?

Ignore it;

"fire-eaters"

What would cause President Polk to only pledge a single term?

overwork and chronic diarrhea

At what would the Democrat party turn to a new leader?

Who did they choose and what was his position in the government (1848)?

Democratic National Convention at Baltimore;

General Lewis Cass (veteran of the War of 1812), a senator

What did Lewis Cass's enemies dub him?

What did his enemies rhyme Cass with?

"Gass";

jackass

What doctrine would state that the sovereign people of a territory, under the principles of the Constitution, should determine the status of slavery?

Who was the reputed father of it?

Why did democrats like it?

Why did politicians like it?

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY;

Lewis Cass;

tradition of self-determination;

thought it was a comfortable compromise

What was a fatal defect of popular sovereignty?

spreads the blight (disease) of slavery

Where would the Whigs meet to nominate their presidential candidate (1848)?

What would they cash in on and who would they nominate?

What nickname was he known for?

Philadelphia;

"Taylor fever", Zachary Taylor;

"Hero of Buena Vista"

Why wasn't Henry Clay, the living embodiment of Whiggism, nominated?

Too many speeches and too many enemies

What party would ardent antislavery men in the North organize?

How did they broaden their appeal?

FREE-SOIL PARTY;

advocate federal aid for internal improvements, urge free government homesteads for settlers

Who would the Free Soil Party nominate (1848)?

What would they shout when marching into the fray?

Martin Van Buren;

"Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men"

What party would the Free Soil Party foreshadow and how many years later?

Republican Party six years later

(Caption) Which campaign cartoon of 1848 charges that Taylor's reputation rested on Mexican skulls?

General Zachary Taylor

What did General Taylor's admirers puff him up as?

What was their slogan about Taylor?

Gallant Knight and Napoleon;

"General Taylor never surrenders"

What was the popular vote between Taylor and Cass?

What was the electoral vote between Taylor and Cass?

1,360,967 to 1,222,342;

163 to 127

How many ballots would the Free-Soil Party poll?

What crucial state would it affect to throw the election to Taylor?

291,263;

New York

What color hair and eyes did President Taylor have?

black hair;

gray eyes

Where would gold be discovered in California?

When?

American River near Sutter's Mill, California;

1848

What would adventurers pouring into California sing?

What would they shout?

A few of the bearded miners ____ at the ____

What were the adventurers' nickname?

"O Susannah!";

"Gold! Gold! Gold!";

"struck it rich", "diggings";

"forty-niners"

How would those who didn't mine for gold benefit from the Gold Rush?

How far away was soiled clothing sent to?

They would charge miners high rates for laundry and personal services;

Hawaiian Islands

What would attract tens of thousands of people to the future Golden State almost overnight, overwhelming the territorial government?

What was another name for it?

CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH;

"gold fever"

Who were most of the newcomers into California?

Who were they accompanied by?

lawless men;

virtueless women

In what city in California were there only 3 semilegal hangings?

From what time period?

San Francisco;

1848 to 1856

Where would the adventurers who flopped in California for gold chase their dream for gold?

Australia in 1851

What constitution would California draft and then boldly apply to Congress for admission as a state?

When?

Constitution that excluded slavery;

1849

(Caption) What would miners in California in 1842 use to wash relatively large quantities of ore?

"long tom",

painting name (Placer Mines in California)

Where was Zachary Taylor born and where was he from?

Born in Virginia, slaveowning planter from Louisiana

How many slave and free states were there before California was admitted to the union?

15 slave; 15 free

Who were quakers from North Carolina who during twenty years in Newport, Indiana help more than 2,000 slaves reach Canada?

What room would escaping slaves hide in?

Coffins;

Levi and Catharine Coffin's House in Newport, Indiana;

painting name (A stop on the Underground Railroad)

In what territories would agitation already develop for admission as nonslave states?

New Mexico and Utah

What territory was largely purchased with southern blood?

Mexico Cession

Who had Journals of the idea that many ne'er-do-wells went west?

Ralph Waldo Emerson

(Caption)

What was Harriet Tubman's nickname?

Who would call her that for her effective work in helping slaves escape to Canada?

What role did she serve in the civil war?

Where would she work to bring education to for freed slaves?

"General Tubman";

John Brown;

Union spy;

North Carolina

What area would Texas claim embracing half the territory of present-day Mexico?

Where was Texans threatening to descend upon when the federal government was proposing to detach this prize?

East of the Rio Grande and North to the forty-second parallel;

Santa Fe

What area would southerners be angered by the nagging agitation in the North for the abolition of slavery?

How much free soil did the land have?

What two states was it between?

District of Columbia;

ten-mile-square oasis;

Maryland and Virginia

Through what system did the North assist runaway slaves?

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

In the Underground Railroad, what were the "stations"?

Who were the "passengers"?

Who were the "conductors"?

Where would it lead to?

antislavery homes;

runaway slaves;

white and black abolitionists;

Canada

Who was the most famous of the "conductors" and where were they from?

How many slaves did they rescue and who special to them did they include?

What title did she deservedly earn?

Harriet Tubman, runaway slave from Maryland;

more than 300, her aged parents;

Moses

What of the Underground Railroad would lively imaginations later exaggerate?

"stationmasters"

When would southerners demand a new fugitive-slave law?

When was the old one passed in Congress?

1850;

1793

How many slaves were the South losing a year in 1850?

How many total slaves did the South have?

How did most blacks gain their freedom?

1000;

4 million;

self-purchase or voluntary emancipation

Who in the South was voicing ominous threats of secession?

Where would southerners convene the following year after October 1849, to consider withdrawing from the Union?

"Fire-eaters";

Nashville, Tennessee

Who is part of the trio that would appear together for the last time on a public stage?

What would they be called?

Clay, Calhoun, Webster;

"immortal trio"

How old was Henry Clay in 1850?

What was his nickname?

Where would he come to and from where?

In what other crisis did he play his role?

Did he support or oppose for a new fugitive-slave law?

73;

"Great Compromiser";

To the Senate from Kentucky;

Missouri and nullification crises;

support

Who was Henry Clay seconded by as their role was more important?

How old were they and where were they from?

What was their nickname and why?

Stephen A Douglas;

32, Illinois;

"Little Giant" they were 5 feet 4 inches

How old was John C. Calhoun in 1850?

What was their nickname?

What was he dying of?

Why couldn't he read his own speech, who would read it for him?

68;

"Great Nullifier";

Tuberculosis;

he was too weak, younger colleague

When would Calhoun die?

What words did he murmur before his death?

What would citizens of Charleston inscribe on a monument of his memories?

1850;

"The South! The South! God knows what will become of her!";

"Truth, Justice, and the Constitution"

How long of effort would Daniel Webster take for his last great speech?

How old was Daniel Webster in 1850?

What was he suffering from?

What was his speech known as?

What significance did it have?

(Caption), who was a philosopher that was outraged by Webster's support of concessions to the South in Fugitive Slave Act?

3 hours;

68;

Liver Complaint by high living;

SEVENTH OF MARCH SPEECH of 1850;

turned tide in North towards compromise;

Ralph Waldo Emerson

(Footnote) What state within one hundred years of Webster's speech proved Webster wrong and became one of the great cotton-producing states of the Union?

California

How many speeches did Webster mail out?

How many speeches would he remark was not enough?

more than 100,000;

200,000

How many notes would a Washington banker cancel of Webster?

How much did the notes total in?

How much money would he send a personal check to Webster?

2;

$5,000;

$1,000

Who did Free-Soilers and abolitionists bracket Webster with after upbraiding him as a traitor?

Which poet lamented about Webster being a "traitor"?

Benedict Arnold;

John Greenleaf Whittier

Why would Webster choose to support the Fugitive Slave Law?

regarded "slavery as evil but disunion as worse"

Which group of the North were the newer leaders interested in preserving the Union?

Which group of the North were aging leaders wanting to purify the Union?

Young Guard;

Old Guard

Who was the able spokesman for many of the younger northern radicals and a strong slaveryite?

What was his role in government and where was he from?

William H. Seward;

Senator from New York

What law would Seward appeal to believing that Christian legislators must obey God's moral law and man's mundane law and had priority over the constitution?

Which president would fall under the influence of the law?

"Higher Law";

Taylor

What was Taylor determined to do to dissenters threatening to seize Santa Fe?

Who were the Texans that he would hang if necessary?

"Jacksonize" them;

"damned traitors"

What was the most likely cause of President Taylor's death?

Who would take over the reins of "president"?

Acute intestinal disorder;

Vice President Millard Fillmore (New York lawyer-politician)

What was the compromise that would admit California as a free state, provide territorial government for Utah and New Mexico, establish a boundary between Texas and U.S., and amended a new Fugitive Slave law?

How many months would Congress debate until the compromise was signed?

COMPROMISE OF 1850;

seven months

Who from the Northern states orated on behalf of the compromise?

Which three senators would be part of this group?

"Union Savers";

Clay, Webster, Douglas

How many speeches did Clay deliver?

70

What would avow that it loathed the Union and hated the North as much as it did Hell itself?

South Carolina Newspaper

Where would Southern Extremists meet in June 1850 and condemned the compromise measures?

Nashville, Tennessee near burial place of Andrew Jackson

What would dawn for a brief period of time after peace-loving people from North and South determined that compromises should be a "finality"?

Second Era of Good Feelings

Why would North get the better deal in the Compromise of 1850?

California being a free state tipped Senate balance against the south

Why would Utah and New Mexico not become slave states?

Why would Southerners need more slave territory?

Iron Law of Nature "Highest Law" - loaded dice in favor of Free Soil;

restore "sacred balance"

How much was Texas to be paid toward discharging its indebtedness?

Where would the south halt the drive toward abolition?

$10 million;

District of Columbia

What else was the Fugitive Slave Law called?

"the Bloodhound Bill"

How much would the federal commissioner handle the case of a fugitive if the runaway were freed?

How much if not?

5 dollars;

10 dollars

What law was so abhorrent that it touched off an explosive chain reaction in the North?

What would happen to a runaway slave from Virginia when they were captured in Boston in 1854?

"Man-Stealing law";

Removed from city under heavy federal guard

What state would make it a penal offense for any state official to enforce the new federal statute?

What was it a move toward in 1832?

Massachusetts;

nullification suggestive of South Carolina

What laws would deny local jails to federal officials and otherwise hampered enforcement?

"personal liberty laws"

Who would preside a meeting 1851 declaring "We execrate it, we spit upon it, we trample it under out feet"

William Lloyd Garrison

In 1850, what were thousands of northern moderates unwilling to pin the South to the rest of the nation with?

Bayonets

Where would the Democratic Nominating Convention of 1852 be held?

Who would they nominate and what candidate would he be known as?

Baltimore;

Franklin Pierce, second "dark horse" candidate

What cry did the Whigs use to try and jeer Pierce back into obscurity?

What did Democrats reply with?

"Who is Frank Pierce?";

"The Young Hickory of the Granite Hills"

What injury caused Pierce to fall off a horse?

As a result, what was his nickname?

groin injury;

"Fainting General"

Where would the Whigs hold their convention to nominate a candidate (1852)?

Who should have they nominated?

Instead who did they nominate, and what was their nickname?

Baltimore;

Fillmore or Webster;

Winfield Scott "Old Fuss and Feathers"

What did Whigs charge that pierce was the hero of?

"many a well-fought bottle"

What did the Democrats cry when nominating Pierce in 1852?

"We Polked 'em in '44; we'll Pierce'em in 52"

How many Georgia Whigs voted for Webster?

What was Georgia Whigs also called?

more than 5,000;

"finality men"

Who were the Free-Soil Party candidate in 1852?

Where were they from?

What percent of the popular vote did they gain?

John P. Hale;

New Hampshire;

5 percent

What was the electoral votes in 1852?

What was the popular vote?

254 to 42;

1,601,117 to 1,385,453

Which two presidential elections did the Whigs win?

1840 and 1848

When would Henry Clay and Daniel Webster die?

during 1852 campaign

How many days before the Mexican War would end would gold be discovered in California?

What the Mexican War victory invigorate?

9 days before;

spirit of Manifest Destiny

Where would Americans rush to that would arouse particular concerns about Central America?

Since what days would Central America stimulate dreams of a continuous Atlantic-to-Pacific transportation route?

Sierra Nevada goldfields;

Balboa

What port did British seize that would drive the governments of both the United States and new Granada to conclude an important treaty in 1848?

Where was it located?

What was the port renamed to?

What was New Granada later changed to?

What would the treaty do?

San Juan del Norte;

Nicaragua's "Mosquito Coast";

Greytown;

Colombia;

allow American right of transit across the isthmus in return for pledge of "perfect neutrality";

What would the treaty in 1848 provide a fig leaf for?

Theodore Roosevelt's assertion of American control of Panama Canal Zone in 1903

What construction would the treaty in 1848 lead to?

When was it completed?

How long would it stretch?

How many lives did it cost?

first "transcontinental" railroad;

1855;

48 miles;

thousands

What treaty would avoid a full-blown confrontation with Britain in 1850 and stipulated that neither America nor Britain would fortify or seek exclusive control over any future isthmian water-way?

What was the treaty later rescinded by?

CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY;

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901

Which American adventurer tried repeatingly to grab control of Nicaragua?

What land earlier did they try to seize and turn into a slave state but failed?

When would they install themself as president of Nicaragua and legalize slavery?

What was their nickname?

When would he be overthrown and by who?

William Walker;

Baja California;

July 1856;

"gray-eyed man of destiny";

1860 by Honduran firing squad

How much had president Polk considered offering Spain for Cuba?

$100 million

During 1850-1851, what and how many expeditions numbering several armed men would descend upon Cuba?

Where Spanish word would the expedition get its name from?

What does it mean?

How many would die in the last expedition and what were they a part of?

Where would southerners who were angry sack Spain's consulate?

"filibustering", 2;

filsbustero;

"freebooter" or "pirate";

leader and fifty followers, "best families";

New Orleans

(Caption) Where would the newly born Republican Party in 1856 lash out at?

Ostend Manifesto

What American steamer would Spanish officials seize in 1852 that would force a showdown?

Why were European powers unable to aid Spain when Pierce provoked war with Spain and seize Cuba?

Black Warrior;

Crimean War

Where would the secretary of state instruct American ministers from to prepare confidential recommendations for the acquisition of Cuba?

Where would they meet and what dispatch would they draw up?

Spain, England, France;

Ostend, Belgium;

OSTEND MANIFESTO

How much would the Ostend Manifesto urge the administration to offer for Cuba?

What would happen if Spain refused?

$120 million;

United States "justified in wresting" the island

What did Northerners call the Ostend Manifesto?

What book would hold the South back causing the administration to stop its reckless schemes for Cuba?

"manifesto of brigands";

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle tom

What was known as the first formal diplomatic agreement between the United States and China (July 3, 1844)?

What afforded the United States any and all trading terms accorded to other powers?

What provided for trying Americans accused of crimes in China before American officials, not in Chinese Courts?

A memory of a seaman on a U.S. vessel who had been strangled to death by Chinese authorities for what was apparently the accidental drowning of a Chinese woman - prompted Cushing to do what?

Thousands of American missionaries soon flooded prayerfully through the treaty ports to?

What would happen to Western powers who migrated to China?

Treaty of Wanghia;

"Most favored nation" status;

"Extraterritoriality";

advocate for Extraterritoriality;

convert "heathen Chinese";

reap a bitter harvest of resentment;