Studied by 5 people
What are the indirect causes of WWI?
Militarism - building up military forces, weaponry and threatening aremed aggression, began arms race between Britain and Germany as they both built up their army/navy
Alliances - Tensions rose so alliances began to form in order to keep the peace (Triple Entente (The Allies), Triple Alliance (Central Powers)) if one country went to war the entire alliance was at war
Imperialism - controlling lands far from home (colonies), build empire using economics, political or military means, Britain and France were fighting for raw materials whilst Austria Hungary was fighting for control over Serbia
Nationalism - deep patriotism and pride to one’s nation/country, many felt that gaining colonies would strengthen their economy and bring glory to the homeland and some felt such pride that they were willing to go to war
Who is in the Triple Entente?
Britain, France and Russia
Who is the Triple Alliance?
Austria Hungary, Germany, Italy and Turkish/Ottoman Empire
What is the direct cause of WWI?
Assasination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand who was killed by the Black Hand a Serbian terroist group, this sparked a power struggle and caused Austria Hungary to blame Serbia, they made three demands: get rid of hatred towards Austria-Hungary, punish all involved and allow Austria-Hungarian officials into Serbia
Why did Canada enter the war?
Canada was in agreement with Britain so when Britain was at war so was Canada
Trench Warfare
A defense system made up of zigzagging mazes, the first line was the firing line, and in between was the support trenches and at the back was the command/supply trench, the trenches were extremely unsantitary and waterlogged which led to diseases like trench foot
The War in the Air
1914-1918
Before WW1 planes were used for observation
During this war airplanes took place in battles caleld “dog fights”
By the end of the war 40% of the pilots flying for Britain were Canadians
The success of Canadian pilots brought nationalism to the Canadian nation
Billy Bishop (Renegade) = Canada’s Ace
Ace: shot down 5 or more planes
The Second Battle of Ypres
April 1915
Canada’s first major battle
Germany had a secret weapon: mustard gas (chlorine gas)
Germany violated all conventions of warfare
Canada’s section of the battle line never broke
They used pee masks to counteract the gas
This sparked the development of gas masks
Vimy Ridge
April 1917
A strategic location that neither FR or BR troops could capture for over 2 years
Canadians made the biggest allied advance
This success called for detailed planning and a technique called the creeping barrage
1st time all four CDN divisions fought together
“Birth of a Nation”
All soldiers got a map
Broke a war of attrition
Passchendaele
Novemeber 1917
First battle CDNs were led by their own general
PM Borden and General Currie agreed this victory was not worth the human loss
PM Borden and BR PM agreed that any repeat of this would result in no more CDN troops being sent to Europe
The Battle of Tanneburg
August 1914
Fought in East Prussia
Devastating defeat for Russia
Led to German victory
The Somme
July 1916
Fought in Beaumont Hamel
British commanders order the regiment to charge forward in broad daylight
Newfoundland regiment nearly wiped out
Over 200 soldiers shot for cowardness
first time tanks were used/seen in battle
What is the Wartime Elections Act?
Gives the right to vote to all women of the men who served or are serving in the war
Disenfranchised all citizens who were from enemy countries
What is the War Measures Act?
Gave government sweeping powers to arrest and detain enemy aliens without evidence or trial
Over 8000 enemy aliens were sent to internment camps
Internment camps left thos empty handed and they had to restart with nothing
What is the Military Voting Act?
Allowed men and women in the armed force to vote in Federal elections only
Denied “contentious objectors” the right to vote
What is the Schlieffen Plan? What four things did it rely on? What were the two assumptions?
A plan to avoid a war on two fronts
Massive numbers, surprise, deception and speed
Two assumptions: Russia would take long to mobilize their army, Britain would not go to war over the 1839 treaty with Belgium
What is the War Guilt Clause?
Article 231
Falled under the Treaty of Versailles
Demanded Germany take full blame for WW1
What is Propaganda? What was it used for?
Ideas/facts spread to further ones cause or damage to another cause
Used to promote the war effort
Main ideas: encourage men to enlist, buy victory bonds, be thrifty, donate to the patriot fund, and promote a just war
Who had the largest navy prior to WW1?
Britain
What are Victory Bonds?
A charity fund for the families of soldiers at war
Helped nations patriotism
Helped fund military spending
What is the Treaty of Versailles?
Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I
France demanded Germany be punished for their actions,
England demanded they have the biggest empire and navy
Russia demanded money and territories
America wanted Wilson's 14 points
Canada wanted to be an independent nation.
How does the US enter the war?
1915 - A German U boat sank the Lusitania as they assumed it was carrying weapons for the allies (which was true)
1917 - A Zimmerman Telegram was sent to Mexico from Germany to convince them to attack the US
This enraged the US enough to join the war
Significance: now the Triple Entente has fresh men and resources
What is Armistice Day?
November 11, 1918 at the 11th hour
What are relief camps?
As the number of young, unemployed men (drifters) increased, authorities feared they may turn violent with anger, the government took action to avoid an uprising, they set up relief camps
Ran by the National Defense Department
Men worked long hours for small pay
Conditions were terrible
They were not allowed to vote
Ended up causing an uprised which led many men going on strike
What is the On-to-Ottawa-Trek?
Many men who were fed up were going on strike
They met Arthur “slim” Evans and he suggested they takew their problem straight to Ottawa
They began to ride the rods and were stopped in Regina by the Government
Only 8 leaders were able to meet the PM Bennett
The meeting was unsuccessful so they returned to Regina
They held a meeting at the Regina Market
A riot broke out leaving many injured and arrested so they ended the Trek
What is the Chanak Affair?
Dispute against Turkish control over Chanak (a neutral zone),
Britain prepares for war and turns to the Dominion (Canada included) for help
Canada refuses to be "called", and agrees to go if it is moved properly through Canadian Parliment
First step in removing British control from Canada
What is the Halibut Treaty?
A 1923 treaty between Canada and the U.S. to protect halibut along the Pacific Coast
The first treaty negotiated and signed independently by the Canadian government
Set the precedent that Canada has the right to take independent diplomatic action
What is the Statute of Westminster?
The law that changed the British Empire into the British Commonwealth
All commonwealth countries to be considered equal in status with Britain and able to make their own laws
Involved the Balfour report which states Britain can no longer make decisions for Canada
statute is known as "Canadas declaraction of Independence"
What is the CCF? Leaders, Solutions to depression and audience.
Leader: James Woodsworth
Solutions: introduce socialism, eliminate the domination/explotation of one class and provide democratic self-government
Audience: western labour and farmers
What is the Social Credit? Leaders, Solutions to depression and audience.
Leader: William Aberhart (“Bible Bill”)
Solutions: every citizen should be given “social credit”, $25 per month to Albertans
Audience: Albertans and British Columbians
What is the Union Nationale? Leaders, Solutions to depression and audience.
Leader: Maurice Duplessis
Solutions: higher wages, run their own province, hydroelectric power
Audience: the people of Quebec/French Canadians
What are Residential Schools and their significance?
Residential schools were established to not only "educate," but would also "civilize" Indigenous children and assimilate them into mainstream culture and remove the "Indian" in the child
Involved the Indian Act of 1867 which gave the government sweeping powers of Indigenous identity, political structures, cultural practices, and education
Was Canada’s Holocaust/Genocide which led to lasting psychological, physical, emotional and generational trauma
In 2008, Indigenous people recieved a formal apology for the governments involvement and acknowledge how wrong this system was
What is the Person’s Case?
A court case on Murphys 60th birthday in which the Famous Five successfully fought to have women declared "persons" under Section 24 of the Britsh North American Act in 1929
This symbolized the right of women to participate in all facets of life, to Dream big and realize their potential
Famous Five: Emily Murphy, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Louise Mckinny, Irene Parlby, Nellie McClung
What is the Group of Seven? Who is Emily Carr?
The group of seven was a group of seven Canadians who focused their art on Canadian themes, they used strong colours to show how the landscape affected them
Ground breaking Canadian artist, unique style of painting which was not appreciated at the time, she became recognized for her paintings later in life both nationally and internationally
What is prohibition and its significance?
Prohibition was created to solve social problems but instead it created a new set of problems
It banned the production, exporting and importing of alcohol
Ran by the Womens Suffrage Movement and the Womens Christian Temperance Movement led by Nellie McClung
Significance: Crime flourished in major cities, cocktails emerged, speakeasies were formed, men and women socializing was normalized, places like LCBO were developed to regulate alcohol sales
What are the indirect causes of the Great Depression?
Overproduction and overexpansion
Canada's dependence on a few primary resources (staple products)
Canada's dependence on the USA
High tariffs choked off international trade
Too much credit buying
Too much credit buying stocks
What is the direct cause of the Great Depression?
Many saw the stock market as an easy way to get rich quick
Many bought on margin (buy stock on credit and when stock went up they would sell it and pay off the creditors and pocket profits
In october of 1929 the stocks dropped and many panicked and began to sell
Prices fell lower as stock was dumped
Value of stock dropped by more than 50%
Many lost millions
This crash is known as Black Tuesday
What is the Spanish Flu and its significance?
Huge pandemic that occured in 1918 when soldiers returned home
they believed it started in birds then pigs then humans,
parades and celebrations helped the flu spread
Caused the schools, theatres and public places to close down
Government discouraged hand shaking
50 million people died worldwide
Healthcare shortage due to nurses and doctors being overseas
What is the Winnipeg General Strike and its significance?
Massive strike by workers in Winnipeg in 1919
2000 workers went on strike demanding higher wages, shorter hour
the metal trades council also wanted to be recognized as a union with the right to bargain collectively for its workers
within three days over 30 000 workers were on strike
In short term the Winnipeg Strike did not achieve gains for workers, although it did spark unionism and activism, it took 3 decades after the strike for employers to recognize Canadian workers unions and grant collective bargaining rights
What was immigration like in the 1920s and 30s?
Ku Klux Klan was established in 1921 that hated all things Roman Catholic, immigration and minorities
CDN government implements the Chinese Head tax of 1885
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1923 which only allowed diplomats, business men, and students in Canada
Canada came into a “gentlemens” agreement with Japan to limit emigration to Canada
What are the causes of WW2?
Treaty of Versailles: The treaty left the German economy in ruins due to the harsh demands
Japanese Expansion: Japan lacked territory and resources so they staged an explosion on a Japanese owned railway and blamed China this gave them the opportunity to invade Manchuria - Resulted in Japan leaving the League
Facism: Mussolini paid attention to how the League of Nations did nothing when Japan invaded China so this gave them to “go ahead” to invade Abysinnia - caused Italy to leave the League
Hitler and the Nazis: Germans were desperate for a leader, Hitler promised prosperity, Hitler began to rearm Germany, allied with with Italy and expanded his empire by taking over Austria, when the League did nothing he took over Czechoslovakia
How does the League of Nations fail?
The League failed to intervene in many conflicts leading up to World War II, including the Italian invasion of Abyssinia and the invasion of Manchuria
What is the policy of appeasement?
Giving into the demands of dictators
Hitler walked into Austria without resistance
Considering he got Austria, Hitler decided to invade Czechoslovakia to get Sudetenland (boarded Czech Territory with ethnic Germans), Czech disagreed so Hitler asked Chamberlain and he agreed because he wanted to avoid a war, they were fooled and Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia
What is the Non-Aggression Pact/Nazi-Soviet Pact?
August 1939 the Nazi-Soviet Pact which was a secret clause between Germany and the Soviet Union to split Poland up between them which was signed by Hitler and Joseph Stalin
this was a way to delay war with each other and gain territory as well as scare the Western powers
Hitler wanted land that was located in Poland but the Western powers would not consider that as they promised Poland they would protect the country if Hitler attacked
September 1st, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland and two days later Britain declared war on Germany and World War 2 began
What is the Munich Agreement?
Agreement signed by Germany, Italy, Britain and France
Czechoslovakia must surrender its border regions (Sudentenladn)
What is Anschluss?
Union between Germany and Austria, which was forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.
What is sitzkrieg?
A period of no war known as “Phony War”
No shots were fired for the first 7 months, all countries had time to build up their armies and it gave Hitler the opportunity to get in the heads of the other countries making them believe he was done with his invasions
Then in April he invaded Denmark and Norway and then in May he invaded Belgium and Netherlands
What is blitzkrieg?
swift military offensive using synchronization between land, sea and air forces also known as a lightning war
this was used on Poland and was effective because Poland was attacked from 3 directions (north, west and south) all at once and they were able to move with astonishing speed toward the capital which was Warsaw
Battle of Ortona
July 10th, 1943
Canada, Britain and America troops invaded Italy to create two fronts called Operation Husky
Italian troops were defeated in a month and German troops were sent to defend the territory
Canada was able to display military courage, skill and effectiveness in this long, dangerous battle Ortona and were able to capture and defeat the German military in Italy by June 1944
Battle of Hong Kong
Canadians were sent over to protect British colony of Hong Kong from the Japanese
Japan attacked with airplanes and artillery and a force 10 times the size of the Canadian force
Canadian troops surrendered on Decemeber 25th
Resulted in 800 casualties and the survivors were placed in POW camps and used as slave labourers and experienced harsh treatment
D-day
First major invasion on French coast since Dieppe
Was able to be kept a secret and was carefully planned
This invasion of Normandy was called Operation Overlord
On June 6th, 1944
This called for massive air raid and beach landing and target 5 beaches (Canadians were responsible for Juno Beach)
Canada was the only group to meet their objective which was to capture the beach and this landing beganto push the Axis back from the West coast
Dieppe Raid
August 1942
5000 Canadian troops tried to invade the heavily defended coast of France at Dieppe to test the German forces
Called Operation Jubilee
Was supposed to be a surprise but the Germans knew they were coming
The sea and air support was not enough to cover and protect troops arriving by sea
Some reached town majority were killed
900 Canadians dead, 1000 wounded and 1900 POWs and only 220 returned to Britain
A controversial raid and many lessons were learned that day to prepare for D-Day
Fall of France
example of blitzkrieg
lasted from May 10th to June 25th, 1940
Germany was able to avoid the Maginot Line (France’s greatest defense barrier in WWI located on the border of France and its neighbours) and invade through the Ardennes Forest
France fell in 6 weeks
Paris was captured on June 14th
France split in 2 where Vichy France was a puppet government for the Germans
Now France could no longer help in the allied fight against the Germans as they did in WWI
Battle of Britain
France fell in June
Britain was now alone with Canada as her only ally
Hitler believed Britain would surrender once France fell
Hitler began using massive air strikes to destroy British airplaces and morale leaving 1000s dead and tons of property destroyed
Hitler did this to destroy the Royal Air Force (RAF) and prepare for ground invasions
He made an error when Churchill ordered the bombing of Berlin because this angered Hitler and he ordered the bombing of London and stopped bombing RAF which gave them time to regroup and regain superiority
Invasion of Russia
Operation Barbarossa
Hitler believed blitzkrieg would topple Russia in 6 weeks and began invasion on June 22nd
Russian resistance and the cold winter slowed down the German assault and many soldiers froze to death leading to surrender
Dunkirk
When France was invaded 1000s of British troops came across the English channel to help and they were surprised at the speed of German advancement and they became trapped on the coast of France and 300 000 British troops evacuated against all odds this was a grave mistake for Hitler
Pearl Harbour
The United States were able to remain isolated and neutral from all fighting due to the fear of Japanese expansion in the Pacific
Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbour, Hawaii on December 7th, 1941
Over 2000 soldiers and civilians were killed
Caused the US to declare war on Japan and later on Germany and Italy
Resulting in WW2 being a fully world scale war at this point
Stalingrad
1942 was the worst year for the allies
By 1943 the situation changed as Russia was able to stop the Nazis in Stalingrad which crushed the Germany army
300 000 German troops dead or captured and the Axis powers were on the retreat
Liberation of Holland
Fighting continued for 11 months after D-day
The Canadians managed to push the Germans out Italy and Holland leaving Germany on the brink of defeat and only an unconditional surrended would be accepted by the allies
April 1945, Russian troops entered Berlin and Hitler heard Mussolini was captured and killed
Hitler did not want this so he shot himslef and on May 7th, 1945 VE Day was named (Victory in Europe Day) and the day after (May 8th, 1945) all fighting stopped
What is the Holocaust? Stages?
Stripping Rights: invovled the Nuremberg lawas
Segregation: forced them to live in ghettos isolated from society
Concentration: sent to camps where they faced starvation and malnourishment
Extermination: Euthanasia programs to elimate “life unworthy of life”
What are the Nuremburg Laws?
In 1935 the Nuremberg Laws stated that all Jews were:
stripped of German citzenshio
fired from jobs/business boycotted
banned from Germans schools and universities
marriages between Jews and Aryans forbidden
forced to carry ID cards
passports stamped with a "J"
forced to wear the armband of the Yellowe "star of david"
Jewish synagogues destroyed
What was the Final Solution?
Wannsee Conference in Berlin 1942 established the “complete solution of the Jewish question”
Called for complete and mass annihilation and extermination of Jews as well as other groups and they did this using Zyklon B gas
What is Anti-Semitism?
Hatred towards Jews
What is Auschwitz?
Largest concentration camp
located in Poland where german occupied
Had 3 camps including a killing center
Open for 2 years and closed in 1945 of January
More than 1.1 million died in this camp and many faced forced labour or gas chambers
Why did the government feel it was necessary to intern Japanese Canadians and what was the significance of this?
They feared they would supply Japan with secret information or help invade so they ordered the seizure of all Japanese boats and in 1942 began to round up the Canadians
In 1988 the government acknowledged how they were treated and came out with the Emergency Act (no CDN will lose their rights due to nationality)
How was conscription used in WW2?
King promised he wouldn’t conscript unless it was necessary
King held a plebiscite which allowed Canada to vote on whether they wanted conscription (90% said yes)
Involved the National Resources Mobilization Act (1940) - men were required to train and prepare in case of an invasion WITHIN CANADA
“Not necessarily conscription but conscription if necessary”
The pressure was mounting for conscription due to D-day so he conscripted about 16 000 men
This showed he learned from the crisis in 1917 and he won the battle of unity
What is Camp X?
Special training school
Train allies for warfare
What is Athenia?
For the 1st time Canada was able to decide for itself whether they wanted to go to war
Canada declares war September 10th 1939 due to a German U boat sank a ship called Athenia
This boat was carrying over 500 Canadian
How were Atomic Bombs used in WW2?
Japan would not surrender
Truman ordered the bombing of Hiroshima (Little boy) and blasted all buildings within a 1 km radius
Japan still refused to surrender so he bombed Nagosaka (Fat man) and Japan finally surrendered this day is now known as V-J day
What is a Cold War?
Conflict that does not involve military action
Uses political, economic and propaganda
Who is Igor Gouzenko?
A clerk who worked in the soviet embassy
walked out with 109 top secret documents that proved the USSR was running a spy ring in Canada
He claimed that the soviets were trying to gather information on atomic bombs and political activities
RCMP questioned him for 5 hours and then placed him in protected custody
What is the Iron Curtain?
Divided Europe into two seperate areas
What is NATO?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Agreement between US, Canada, and several European countries
Goals were to protect them from communist aggression and create peaceful coexistence
What is NORAD?
North Ameriacan Aerospace Defense Command
What is the Warsaw Pact?
Soviets “NATO”
These countries agreed to come to the aid of any country being attacked
They could not withdraw and soviets ruled the pact
What is the Avro Arrow?
1949 - Canada began to build the Avro Arrow
Worlds most advanced fighter get: flew fast and higher
Costed too much money (12.5 M)
Unless Canada had buyers the project would be cancelled
US was not interested as they had their own tech
Program was cancelled
Many lost their jobs
Many moved to the US to work on NASA
What is the Quiet Revolution?
A period of intense social, political and cultural change in the Quebec
Impact: catholic church was less influential, Quebec nationalism rose, quality of Quebec increased
Who is Jean Lesage?
A lawyer and political leader for Quebec Nationalism
Formed the idea of seperation
Who is Rene Levesque?
Quebec politician
led a referendum (PQ)
Demanded independence for Quebec
Wanted Quebec autonomy
What is the October Crisis and the significance?
Refers to a chain of events that started in October 1970 when members of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnapped the provincial Labour Minister Pierre Laporte and British diplomat James Cross from his Montreal residence
They had 7 demands: release all FLQ members, $500 000 and safe passage to Cuba and their “manifesto” should appear on the front page of newspapers in Quebec
What is Bill 101?
Made French the official language of the government and the courts of Quebec and immigrants had to educate their children in French unless their child met certain criteria
Who is Pierre Elliot Trudeau and how was he significant?
He became the new face when elected PM in 1968
He had a new campaign style
He organized a conference to bring home the consitution
What is the Constitution Act 1982?
Declared Canada as independent and the BNA act was offically changed to the Constitution Act of 1982
What is Meech Lake Accord?
It was an agreement between the federal and provincial governments to amend (change) the Constitution.
It offered to recognize Quebec as a distinct society
It also proposed giving more power to the other provinces
Pierre Trudeau contributed heavily to this as he felt it would isolate the francophones of Quebec
Quebeckers liked this idea as it would protect French language and culture
Manitoba and Newfoundland objected
What is the Oka Crisis?
Summer of 1990 and lasted 77 days
Occured on Mohawk territory near Montreal
Oka wanted a golf course on Mohawk land
Mohawk disagreed and barricaded the Mercier bridge and major intersections
Police came in and cut food off from the reserve
Mohawks left and got rocks and racial slurs thrown at them
After 7 years they finally got their land back and an apology from the government
Impact: The Oka Crisis woke up Indigenous peoples across Canada and around the world, advanced efforts at the United Nations to approve a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, aboriginals were included in federal and provincial discussions, it also showed Quebec that they should have done the same
What is separatism?
When people of a region feel alienated from central government and often seek to gain more political control
Groups may have different language, culture or religion
At the beginning of the 20th century much of eastern Europe was dominated by what 3 weak and crumbling empires?
Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire
Note 
Flashcard (335)