History Exam

WWI, 1920s-1930s, WWII, Post WW2

What are the indirect causes of WWI?

Militarism - building up military forces, weaponry and threatening aremed aggression, began arms race between Britain and Germany as they both built up their army/navy

Alliances - Tensions rose so alliances began to form in order to keep the peace (Triple Entente (The Allies), Triple Alliance (Central Powers)) if one country went to war the entire alliance was at war

Imperialism - controlling lands far from home (colonies), build empire using economics, political or military means, Britain and France were fighting for raw materials whilst Austria Hungary was fighting for control over Serbia

Nationalism - deep patriotism and pride to one’s nation/country, many felt that gaining colonies would strengthen their economy and bring glory to the homeland and some felt such pride that they were willing to go to war

Who is in the Triple Entente?

Britain, France and Russia

Who is the Triple Alliance?

Austria Hungary, Germany, Italy and Turkish/Ottoman Empire

What is the direct cause of WWI?

Assasination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand who was killed by the Black Hand a Serbian terroist group, this sparked a power struggle and caused Austria Hungary to blame Serbia, they made three demands: get rid of hatred towards Austria-Hungary, punish all involved and allow Austria-Hungarian officials into Serbia

Why did Canada enter the war?

Canada was in agreement with Britain so when Britain was at war so was Canada

Trench Warfare

A defense system made up of zigzagging mazes, the first line was the firing line, and in between was the support trenches and at the back was the command/supply trench, the trenches were extremely unsantitary and waterlogged which led to diseases like trench foot

The War in the Air

* 1914-1918
* Before WW1 planes were used for observation
* During this war airplanes took place in battles caleld “dog fights”
* By the end of the war 40% of the pilots flying for Britain were Canadians
* The success of Canadian pilots brought nationalism to the Canadian nation
* Billy Bishop (Renegade) = Canada’s Ace
* Ace: shot down 5 or more planes

The Second Battle of Ypres

* April 1915
* Canada’s first major battle
* Germany had a secret weapon: mustard gas (chlorine gas)
* Germany violated all conventions of warfare
* Canada’s section of the battle line never broke
* They used pee masks to counteract the gas
* This sparked the development of gas masks

Vimy Ridge

* April 1917
* A strategic location that neither FR or BR troops could capture for over 2 years
* Canadians made the biggest allied advance
* This success called for detailed planning and a technique called the creeping barrage
* 1st time all four CDN divisions fought together
* “Birth of a Nation”
* All soldiers got a map
* Broke a war of attrition

Passchendaele

* Novemeber 1917
* First battle CDNs were led by their own general
* PM Borden and General Currie agreed this victory was not worth the human loss
* PM Borden and BR PM agreed that any repeat of this would result in no more CDN troops being sent to Europe

The Battle of Tanneburg

* August 1914
* Fought in East Prussia
* Devastating defeat for Russia
* Led to German victory

The Somme

* July 1916
* Fought in Beaumont Hamel
* British commanders order the regiment to charge forward in broad daylight
* Newfoundland regiment nearly wiped out
* Over 200 soldiers shot for cowardness
* first time tanks were used/seen in battle

What is the Wartime Elections Act?

* Gives the right to vote to all women of the men who served or are serving in the war
* Disenfranchised all citizens who were from enemy countries

What is the War Measures Act?

* Gave government sweeping powers to arrest and detain enemy aliens without evidence or trial
* Over 8000 enemy aliens were sent to internment camps
* Internment camps left thos empty handed and they had to restart with nothing

What is the Military Voting Act?

* Allowed men and women in the armed force to vote in Federal elections only
* Denied “contentious objectors” the right to vote

What is the Schlieffen Plan? What four things did it rely on? What were the two assumptions?

* A plan to avoid a war on two fronts
* Massive numbers, surprise, deception and speed
* Two assumptions: Russia would take long to mobilize their army, Britain would not go to war over the 1839 treaty with Belgium

What is the War Guilt Clause?

* Article 231
* Falled under the Treaty of Versailles
* Demanded Germany take full blame for WW1

What is Propaganda? What was it used for?

* Ideas/facts spread to further ones cause or damage to another cause
* Used to promote the war effort
* Main ideas: encourage men to enlist, buy victory bonds, be thrifty, donate to the patriot fund, and promote a just war

Who had the largest navy prior to WW1?

Britain

What are Victory Bonds?

* A charity fund for the families of soldiers at war
* Helped nations patriotism
* Helped fund military spending

What is the Treaty of Versailles?

* Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I
* France demanded Germany be punished for their actions,
* England demanded they have the biggest empire and navy
* Russia demanded money and territories
* America wanted Wilson's 14 points
* Canada wanted to be an independent nation.

How does the US enter the war?

* 1915 - A German U boat sank the Lusitania as they assumed it was carrying weapons for the allies (which was true)
* 1917 - A Zimmerman Telegram was sent to Mexico from Germany to convince them to attack the US
* This enraged the US enough to join the war
* Significance: now the Triple Entente has fresh men and resources

What is Armistice Day?

November 11, 1918 at the 11th hour

What are relief camps?

* As the number of young, unemployed men (drifters) increased, authorities feared they may turn violent with anger, the government took action to avoid an uprising, they set up relief camps
* Ran by the National Defense Department
* Men worked long hours for small pay
* Conditions were terrible
* They were not allowed to vote
* Ended up causing an uprised which led many men going on strike

What is the On-to-Ottawa-Trek?

* Many men who were fed up were going on strike
* They met Arthur “slim” Evans and he suggested they takew their problem straight to Ottawa
* They began to ride the rods and were stopped in Regina by the Government
* Only 8 leaders were able to meet the PM Bennett
* The meeting was unsuccessful so they returned to Regina
* They held a meeting at the Regina Market
* A riot broke out leaving many injured and arrested so they ended the Trek

What is the Chanak Affair?

* Dispute against Turkish control over Chanak (a neutral zone),
* Britain prepares for war and turns to the Dominion (Canada included) for help
* Canada refuses to be "called", and agrees to go if it is moved properly through Canadian Parliment
* First step in removing British control from Canada

What is the Halibut Treaty?

* A 1923 treaty between Canada and the U.S. to protect halibut along the Pacific Coast
* The first treaty negotiated and signed independently by the Canadian government
* Set the precedent that Canada has the right to take independent diplomatic action

What is the Statute of Westminster?

* The law that changed the British Empire into the British Commonwealth
* All commonwealth countries to be considered equal in status with Britain and able to make their own laws
* Involved the Balfour report which states Britain can no longer make decisions for Canada
* statute is known as "Canadas declaraction of Independence"

What is the CCF? Leaders, Solutions to depression and audience.

Leader: James Woodsworth

Solutions: introduce socialism, eliminate the domination/explotation of one class and provide democratic self-government

Audience: western labour and farmers

What is the Social Credit? Leaders, Solutions to depression and audience.

Leader: William Aberhart (“Bible Bill”)

Solutions: every citizen should be given “social credit”, $25 per month to Albertans

Audience: Albertans and British Columbians

What is the Union Nationale? Leaders, Solutions to depression and audience.

Leader: Maurice Duplessis

Solutions: higher wages, run their own province, hydroelectric power

Audience: the people of Quebec/French Canadians

What are Residential Schools and their significance?

* Residential schools were established to not only "educate," but would also "civilize" Indigenous children and assimilate them into mainstream culture and remove the "Indian" in the child
* Involved the Indian Act of 1867 which gave the government sweeping powers of Indigenous identity, political structures, cultural practices, and education
* Was Canada’s Holocaust/Genocide which led to lasting psychological, physical, emotional and generational trauma
* In 2008, Indigenous people recieved a formal apology for the governments involvement and acknowledge how wrong this system was

What is the Person’s Case?

* A court case on Murphys 60th birthday in which the Famous Five successfully fought to have women declared "persons" under Section 24 of the Britsh North American Act in 1929
* This symbolized the right of women to participate in all facets of life, to Dream big and realize their potential
* Famous Five: Emily Murphy, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Louise Mckinny, Irene Parlby, Nellie McClung

What is the Group of Seven? Who is Emily Carr?

* The group of seven was a group of seven Canadians who focused their art on Canadian themes, they used strong colours to show how the landscape affected them
* Ground breaking Canadian artist, unique style of painting which was not appreciated at the time, she became recognized for her paintings later in life both nationally and internationally

What is prohibition and its significance?

* Prohibition was created to solve social problems but instead it created a new set of problems
* It banned the production, exporting and importing of alcohol
* Ran by the Womens Suffrage Movement and the Womens Christian Temperance Movement led by Nellie McClung
* Significance: Crime flourished in major cities, cocktails emerged, speakeasies were formed, men and women socializing was normalized, places like LCBO were developed to regulate alcohol sales

What are the indirect causes of the Great Depression?

1. Overproduction and overexpansion
2. Canada's dependence on a few primary resources (staple products)
3. Canada's dependence on the USA
4. High tariffs choked off international trade
5. Too much credit buying
6. Too much credit buying stocks

What is the direct cause of the Great Depression?

* Many saw the stock market as an easy way to get rich quick
* Many bought on margin (buy stock on credit and when stock went up they would sell it and pay off the creditors and pocket profits
* In october of 1929 the stocks dropped and many panicked and began to sell
* Prices fell lower as stock was dumped
* Value of stock dropped by more than 50%
* Many lost millions
* This crash is known as Black Tuesday

What is the Spanish Flu and its significance?

* Huge pandemic that occured in 1918 when soldiers returned home
* they believed it started in birds then pigs then humans,
* parades and celebrations helped the flu spread
* Caused the schools, theatres and public places to close down
* Government discouraged hand shaking
* 50 million people died worldwide
* Healthcare shortage due to nurses and doctors being overseas

What is the Winnipeg General Strike and its significance?

* Massive strike by workers in Winnipeg in 1919
* 2000 workers went on strike demanding higher wages, shorter hour
* the metal trades council also wanted to be recognized as a union with the right to bargain collectively for its workers
* within three days over 30 000 workers were on strike
* In short term the Winnipeg Strike did not achieve gains for workers, although it did spark unionism and activism, it took 3 decades after the strike for employers to recognize Canadian workers unions and grant collective bargaining rights

What was immigration like in the 1920s and 30s?

* Ku Klux Klan was established in 1921 that hated all things Roman Catholic, immigration and minorities
* CDN government implements the Chinese Head tax of 1885
* Chinese Exclusion Act of 1923 which only allowed diplomats, business men, and students in Canada
* Canada came into a “gentlemens” agreement with Japan to limit emigration to Canada

What are the causes of WW2?

* Treaty of Versailles: The treaty left the German economy in ruins due to the harsh demands
* Japanese Expansion: Japan lacked territory and resources so they staged an explosion on a Japanese owned railway and blamed China this gave them the opportunity to invade Manchuria - Resulted in Japan leaving the League
* Facism: Mussolini paid attention to how the League of Nations did nothing when Japan invaded China so this gave them to “go ahead” to invade Abysinnia - caused Italy to leave the League
* Hitler and the Nazis: Germans were desperate for a leader, Hitler promised prosperity, Hitler began to rearm Germany, allied with with Italy and expanded his empire by taking over Austria, when the League did nothing he took over Czechoslovakia

How does the League of Nations fail?

The League failed to intervene in many conflicts leading up to World War II, including the Italian invasion of Abyssinia and the invasion of Manchuria

What is the policy of appeasement?

* Giving into the demands of dictators
* Hitler walked into Austria without resistance
* Considering he got Austria, Hitler decided to invade Czechoslovakia to get Sudetenland (boarded Czech Territory with ethnic Germans), Czech disagreed so Hitler asked Chamberlain and he agreed because he wanted to avoid a war, they were fooled and Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia

What is the Non-Aggression Pact/Nazi-Soviet Pact?

* August 1939 the Nazi-Soviet Pact which was a secret clause between Germany and the Soviet Union to split Poland up between them which was signed by Hitler and Joseph Stalin
* this was a way to delay war with each other and gain territory as well as scare the Western powers
* Hitler wanted land that was located in Poland but the Western powers would not consider that as they promised Poland they would protect the country if Hitler attacked
* September 1st, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland and two days later Britain declared war on Germany and World War 2 began

What is the Munich Agreement?

* Agreement signed by Germany, Italy, Britain and France
* Czechoslovakia must surrender its border regions (Sudentenladn)

What is Anschluss?

Union between Germany and Austria, which was forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.

What is sitzkrieg?

* A period of no war known as “Phony War”
* No shots were fired for the first 7 months, all countries had time to build up their armies and it gave Hitler the opportunity to get in the heads of the other countries making them believe he was done with his invasions
* Then in April he invaded Denmark and Norway and then in May he invaded Belgium and Netherlands

What is blitzkrieg?

* swift military offensive using synchronization between land, sea and air forces also known as a lightning war
* this was used on Poland and was effective because Poland was attacked from 3 directions (north, west and south) all at once and they were able to move with astonishing speed toward the capital which was Warsaw

Battle of Ortona

* July 10th, 1943
* Canada, Britain and America troops invaded Italy to create two fronts called Operation Husky
* Italian troops were defeated in a month and German troops were sent to defend the territory
* Canada was able to display military courage, skill and effectiveness in this long, dangerous battle Ortona and were able to capture and defeat the German military in Italy by June 1944

Battle of Hong Kong

* Canadians were sent over to protect British colony of Hong Kong from the Japanese
* Japan attacked with airplanes and artillery and a force 10 times the size of the Canadian force
* Canadian troops surrendered on Decemeber 25th
* Resulted in 800 casualties and the survivors were placed in POW camps and used as slave labourers and experienced harsh treatment

D-day

* First major invasion on French coast since Dieppe
* Was able to be kept a secret and was carefully planned
* This invasion of Normandy was called Operation Overlord
* On June 6th, 1944
* This called for massive air raid and beach landing and target 5 beaches (Canadians were responsible for Juno Beach)
* Canada was the only group to meet their objective which was to capture the beach and this landing beganto push the Axis back from the West coast

Dieppe Raid

* August 1942
* 5000 Canadian troops tried to invade the heavily defended coast of France at Dieppe to test the German forces
* Called Operation Jubilee
* Was supposed to be a surprise but the Germans knew they were coming
* The sea and air support was not enough to cover and protect troops arriving by sea
* Some reached town majority were killed
* 900 Canadians dead, 1000 wounded and 1900 POWs and only 220 returned to Britain
* A controversial raid and many lessons were learned that day to prepare for D-Day

Fall of France

* example of blitzkrieg
* lasted from May 10th to June 25th, 1940
* Germany was able to avoid the Maginot Line (France’s greatest defense barrier in WWI located on the border of France and its neighbours) and invade through the Ardennes Forest
* France fell in 6 weeks
* Paris was captured on June 14th
* France split in 2 where Vichy France was a puppet government for the Germans
* Now France could no longer help in the allied fight against the Germans as they did in WWI

Battle of Britain

* France fell in June
* Britain was now alone with Canada as her only ally
* Hitler believed Britain would surrender once France fell
* Hitler began using massive air strikes to destroy British airplaces and morale leaving 1000s dead and tons of property destroyed
* Hitler did this to destroy the Royal Air Force (RAF) and prepare for ground invasions
* He made an error when Churchill ordered the bombing of Berlin because this angered Hitler and he ordered the bombing of London and stopped bombing RAF which gave them time to regroup and regain superiority

Invasion of Russia

* Operation Barbarossa
* Hitler believed blitzkrieg would topple Russia in 6 weeks and began invasion on June 22nd
* Russian resistance and the cold winter slowed down the German assault and many soldiers froze to death leading to surrender

Dunkirk

When France was invaded 1000s of British troops came across the English channel to help and they were surprised at the speed of German advancement and they became trapped on the coast of France and 300 000 British troops evacuated against all odds this was a grave mistake for Hitler

Pearl Harbour

* The United States were able to remain isolated and neutral from all fighting due to the fear of Japanese expansion in the Pacific
* Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbour, Hawaii on December 7th, 1941
* Over 2000 soldiers and civilians were killed
* Caused the US to declare war on Japan and later on Germany and Italy
* Resulting in WW2 being a fully world scale war at this point

Stalingrad

* 1942 was the worst year for the allies
* By 1943 the situation changed as Russia was able to stop the Nazis in Stalingrad which crushed the Germany army
* 300 000 German troops dead or captured and the Axis powers were on the retreat

Liberation of Holland

* Fighting continued for 11 months after D-day
* The Canadians managed to push the Germans out Italy and Holland leaving Germany on the brink of defeat and only an unconditional surrended would be accepted by the allies
* April 1945, Russian troops entered Berlin and Hitler heard Mussolini was captured and killed
* Hitler did not want this so he shot himslef and on May 7th, 1945 VE Day was named (Victory in Europe Day) and the day after (May 8th, 1945) all fighting stopped

What is the Holocaust? Stages?

* Stripping Rights: invovled the Nuremberg lawas
* Segregation: forced them to live in ghettos isolated from society
* Concentration: sent to camps where they faced starvation and malnourishment
* Extermination: Euthanasia programs to elimate “life unworthy of life”

What are the Nuremburg Laws?

In 1935 the Nuremberg Laws stated that all Jews were:

* stripped of German citzenshio
* fired from jobs/business boycotted
* banned from Germans schools and universities
* marriages between Jews and Aryans forbidden
* forced to carry ID cards
* passports stamped with a "J"
* forced to wear the armband of the Yellowe "star of david"
* Jewish synagogues destroyed

What was the Final Solution?

* Wannsee Conference in Berlin 1942 established the “complete solution of the Jewish question”
* Called for complete and mass annihilation and extermination of Jews as well as other groups and they did this using Zyklon B gas

What is Anti-Semitism?

Hatred towards Jews

What is Auschwitz?

* Largest concentration camp
* located in Poland where german occupied
* Had 3 camps including a killing center
* Open for 2 years and closed in 1945 of January
* More than 1.1 million died in this camp and many faced forced labour or gas chambers

Why did the government feel it was necessary to intern Japanese Canadians and what was the significance of this?

* They feared they would supply Japan with secret information or help invade so they ordered the seizure of all Japanese boats and in 1942 began to round up the Canadians
* In 1988 the government acknowledged how they were treated and came out with the Emergency Act (no CDN will lose their rights due to nationality)

How was conscription used in WW2?

* King promised he wouldn’t conscript unless it was necessary
* King held a plebiscite which allowed Canada to vote on whether they wanted conscription (90% said yes)
* Involved the National Resources Mobilization Act (1940) - men were required to train and prepare in case of an invasion WITHIN CANADA
* “Not necessarily conscription but conscription if necessary”
* The pressure was mounting for conscription due to D-day so he conscripted about 16 000 men
* This showed he learned from the crisis in 1917 and he won the battle of unity

What is Camp X?

* Special training school
* Train allies for warfare

What is Athenia?

* For the 1st time Canada was able to decide for itself whether they wanted to go to war
* Canada declares war September 10th 1939 due to a German U boat sank a ship called Athenia
* This boat was carrying over 500 Canadian

How were Atomic Bombs used in WW2?

* Japan would not surrender
* Truman ordered the bombing of Hiroshima (Little boy) and blasted all buildings within a 1 km radius
* Japan still refused to surrender so he bombed Nagosaka (Fat man) and Japan finally surrendered this day is now known as V-J day

What is a Cold War?

* Conflict that does not involve military action
* Uses political, economic and propaganda

Who is Igor Gouzenko?

* A clerk who worked in the soviet embassy
* walked out with 109 top secret documents that proved the USSR was running a spy ring in Canada
* He claimed that the soviets were trying to gather information on atomic bombs and political activities
* RCMP questioned him for 5 hours and then placed him in protected custody

What is the Iron Curtain?

Divided Europe into two seperate areas

What is NATO?

* North Atlantic Treaty Organization
* Agreement between US, Canada, and several European countries
* Goals were to protect them from communist aggression and create peaceful coexistence

What is NORAD?

North Ameriacan Aerospace Defense Command

What is the Warsaw Pact?

* Soviets “NATO”
* These countries agreed to come to the aid of any country being attacked
* They could not withdraw and soviets ruled the pact

What is the Avro Arrow?

* 1949 - Canada began to build the Avro Arrow
* Worlds most advanced fighter get: flew fast and higher
* Costed too much money (12.5 M)
* Unless Canada had buyers the project would be cancelled
* US was not interested as they had their own tech
* Program was cancelled
* Many lost their jobs
* Many moved to the US to work on NASA

What is the Quiet Revolution?

* A period of intense social, political and cultural change in the Quebec
* Impact: catholic church was less influential, Quebec nationalism rose, quality of Quebec increased

Who is Jean Lesage?

* A lawyer and political leader for Quebec Nationalism
* Formed the idea of seperation

Who is Rene Levesque?

* Quebec politician
* led a referendum (PQ)
* Demanded independence for Quebec
* Wanted Quebec autonomy

What is the October Crisis and the significance?

* Refers to a chain of events that started in October 1970 when members of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnapped the provincial Labour Minister Pierre Laporte and British diplomat James Cross from his Montreal residence
* They had 7 demands: release all FLQ members, $500 000 and safe passage to Cuba and their “manifesto” should appear on the front page of newspapers in Quebec

What is Bill 101?

Made French the official language of the government and the courts of Quebec and immigrants had to educate their children in French unless their child met certain criteria

Who is Pierre Elliot Trudeau and how was he significant?

* He became the new face when elected PM in 1968
* He had a new campaign style
* He organized a conference to bring home the consitution

What is the Constitution Act 1982?

Declared Canada as independent and the BNA act was offically changed to the Constitution Act of 1982

What is Meech Lake Accord?

* It was an agreement between the federal and provincial governments to amend (change) the Constitution.


* It offered to recognize Quebec as a distinct society
* It also proposed giving more power to the other provinces
* Pierre Trudeau contributed heavily to this as he felt it would isolate the francophones of Quebec
* Quebeckers liked this idea as it would protect French language and culture
* Manitoba and Newfoundland objected

What is the Oka Crisis?

* Summer of 1990 and lasted 77 days
* Occured on Mohawk territory near Montreal
* Oka wanted a golf course on Mohawk land
* Mohawk disagreed and barricaded the Mercier bridge and major intersections
* Police came in and cut food off from the reserve
* Mohawks left and got rocks and racial slurs thrown at them
* After 7 years they finally got their land back and an apology from the government
* Impact: The Oka Crisis woke up Indigenous peoples across Canada and around the world, advanced efforts at the United Nations to approve a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, aboriginals were included in federal and provincial discussions, it also showed Quebec that they should have done the same

What is separatism?

* When people of a region feel alienated from central government and often seek to gain more political control
* Groups may have different language, culture or religion

At the beginning of the 20th century much of eastern Europe was dominated by what 3 weak and crumbling empires?

Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire