Psychology Final; operant conditioning

EL Thorndike

discovered law of effect,

Law of effect

consequences shape behavior

instrumental conditioning

the consequence is instrumental to the child learning appropriate behavior

B.F. Skinner

research law and effect, came up with OC terms

reinforcement

increases behavior

Punishment

decreases behavior

What are the two methods of consequences?

Positive (adding) and negative (removing)

R+

Positive reinforcement, adding something (good) to increase behavior

-R

Negative reinforcement , removing something (bad) to increase behavior

+P

positive punishment, adding something (bad) to decrease bad behavior

-P

Negative punishment, removing something (good) to decrease behavior

Martin Seilgman

learned helplessness (dog experiment)

Learned helplessness

repeated punishment conditions the subject to become passive

What are human examples of learned helpessness?

abusive homes, school settings, sports

T/F: Learned helplessness can cause illness

True

Post tramatic growth

overcoming hardships can make you more resilient in the future

When should you punish child

when they are going to endanger themselves/others

what should you simply not do to a child

hit them/spank them or punish out of expressive anger

Fixed Ratio

reward after a known number of behaviors

variable ratio

Reward after unknown number of behaviors

Fixed interval

reward after a known amount of time

variable interval

reward after a unknown ammount of time

classical conditioning

involuntary behaviors are shaped by the type of stimulus that occurs before the behavior

Operant Conditioning

Voluntary behaviors are shaped by the type of consequences that occurs after behavior