Chapter 7: Liquids and Solids

london forces

occur at random intervals, more electrons increases the strength/likelihood, weakest intermolecular force

hydrogen bond

occurs when hydrogen bonds to nitrogen, fluorine, or oxygen. strongest intermolecular force

dipole-dipole forces

when the negative end of a polar molecule is attracted to the opposite charge of another molecule

polarizability

the likelihood of an atom creating a dipole. Atoms with tightly held electrons exhibit this at a higher factor

cohesive forces

the attraction a liquid has between an identical liquid molecule

adhesive forces

the attraction a liquid has to a flat surface

surfactants

chemicals that decrease cohesive forces; found in dishwasher detergents

viscosity

the resistance a liquid has to flow

escape energy

the min kinetic energy required for a molecule to become a gas

vapor pressure

when a liquid in a closed container and the pressure of the gas is measure

heat of vaporization

energy needed to convert 1 gram liquid to 1 gram gas

interstitial alloy

when a small atom fills the spaces between larger metal atoms

substitutional alloy

when an atom of similar size replaces metal atoms

lattice energy

energy required to break lattice bonds

amorphous

materials that don’t form crystals

supercooling

when a liquid remains in the liquid state despite being below the melting point

if cohesive forces are stronger than the adhesive forces, than the liquid will ____

bead

if adhesive forces are stronger than the cohesive forces, then the liquid will ____

spread uniformly

ionic crystals

between a cation and anion, high lattice energy, high melting/boiling point

molecular crystals

composed of nonmetals or covalent molecules, held together by london forces or other intermolecular forces, low melting/boiling point

network covalent crystals

extremely strong, lattice structure, covalently bonded, diamond and quartz