Measuring development

development

standard of living and its quality of life of its human inhabitants

standard of living

refers to wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain place

quality of life

general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life

What are some factors that affect our quality of life?

• physical health

• family

• education

• employment

• wealth

• safety

• security to freedom

• religious beliefs

• the environment

newly emerging economies (NEEs)

countries that are experiencing high rates of economic development and rapid industrialisation

factors that affect a country’s development

• environmental

  • earthquakes

• economic

  • trade and debt

• social

  • access to water/education

• political

  • goverment corruption

gross national income (GNI)

total value of goods and services produced by a country

What are the 4 levels of income used by the World Bank?

high, higher, middle, lower middle, low

human development index (HDI)

a measure of a country's overall development, expressed in values 0-1

What are the measures used to produce the HDI of a country?

• life expectancy at birth

• no. of years of education

• GNI per capita

World Happiness Resort

measure of happiness published by U.N Sustainable Development Solutions Network

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

model that shows the relationship between birth rates and death rates and population

What happens at stage 1 (high fluctuating) of the DTM? Give an example of a country in this stage.

• population is low but high birth + death rates

• birth + death rates are balanced

• indigenous tribes in Amazon, Brazil

What happens at stage 2 (early expanding) of the DTM? Give an example of a country in this stage.

• population begins to increase as death rates fall due to improvements in medicine and sanitation

• birth rates remain high

• Afghanistan

What happens at stage 3 (late expanding) of the DTM? Give an example of a country in this stage.

• population still increasing but more slowly as birth rates fall due to increased access to contraception and family planning, improvements to health education and general desire for smaller families

• death rates continue to fall but at slower rate than stage 2

• Columbia

What happens at stage 4 (early expanding) of the DTM? Give an example of a country in this stage.

• population is high but birth rates and death rates are low

• rate of population changes steadier than before

• U.K

What happens at stage 5 (natural decrease) of the DTM? Give an example of a country in this stage.

• population may start to decline due to low birth rates and an ageing poulation leading to slight increase in death rates

• Japan

population pyramids

graphs that show the structure of the population a country

What can population pyramids tell us?

• birth rate

• death rate

• life expectancy

• levels of economic development

dependency ratio

the proportion of dependents (14 or younger and 65 or older) to people of working age (15-64)

How is the dependency ratio calculated?

• adding numbers for both groups then dividing by the number of people aged 15-64 and multiplying by 100

Lower dependency ratio means…

greater number of people who work and are less dependent

Higher dependency ratio means…

greater number of people who are dependent on the working population

Low dependency ratios are most common in…

HICs

What stage of the DTM is this?

stage 1 (high fluctuating)

What stage of the DTM is this?

stage 2 (early expanding)

What stage of the DTM is this?

stage 3 (late expanding)

What stage of the DTM is this?

stage 4 (low fluctuating)

What stage of the DTM is this?

stage 5 (natural decrease)

How is birth rate a reliable indicator of development?

as a country develops, women are more likely to become educated and want a career rather than stay at home therefore have less children

How is death rate a less reliable indicator of development?

developed countries may have an ageing population therefore death rates are higher than a country with a younger population overall

Infant mortality is a useful measure of…

a country’s healthcare system

How is the no. of doctors per 1000 people a useful indicator of development?

can see how much money a country has for medical services + education

How is literacy rate a useful indicator of development?

can be used to assess how good the education system is and whether it is complusory

How is % access to clean water a useful indicator of development?

• useful in showing how much infrastructure the country has

  • e.g. dams, reservoirs and water treatment plants