Animal Nutrition Exam 4

In reptiles, what can lack of water lead to?

Gout

What are the key metabolic differences in reptiles?

Slower metabolic rate, lower energy requirement, uric acid, need vitamin D and sunlight/UV light

What are the pros to crickets as a live food?

Stimulating to animals, nutritionally superior, easier to digest

What are the cons to crickets as live food?

Feeding them, annoying, increase parasite load in reptile.

What are the pros to worm as live food?

Can’t escape, last a while, don’t eat feces

What are the cons to worm as live food?

Difficult to digest, nutrition is OK. Wax worms are treats

What is the relationship between turtle and vitamin A?

It helps in growth/repair of tissues, used for functioning eyes, skin, and ducts.

What is squamous metaplasia?

occurs in vitamin A deficiency and results in a
thickening of the lining of ducts, often blocking the flow of fluid through the ducts

Sunflower and safflower seeds are often high in fat energy relative to vitamins and minerals. What do they cause?

Secondary deficiencies of calcium and magnesium

What do small birds need a greater amount per body weight?

The essential fatty acids- linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid

Feather growth requires great amounts of what?

Amino acids

What do ornamental birds utilize starch from?

A variety of seeds for main source of glucose

What is lipomas in ornamental birds?

Benign fatty tumors

What is articular gout?

Uric acid crystallizes in joints, ligaments, and tendon sheaths

What is visceral gout?

Uric acid deposits are found in the liver, spleen, pericardial sac, kidneys, and air sacs

How does a Vitamin A deficiency causes disease? How can we see this?

It prevents the secretion of mucous, especially in respiratory system. White plaques by mouth and eyes causes bird not to eat.

What is avian gastric yeast?

fungal organism that infects the digestive tract of birds, especially the proventriculus

What is the biggest cost to raise poultry?

Feed (total production cost 60-75%) - they try to get the cheapest they can get

What is the most plentiful and lowest-cost sources of energy and well balanced protein?

Corn and Soybean Meal

What has a good source of protein, AA, and bone (Ca and P)?

Fish and Meat Meals

What are the major minerals for poultry?

Ca and P (only 35% of plant P is non-phytin P, which is available to poultry. Phytase breaks down phytin)

What can increase energy utilization through a reduced passage rate in poultry?

Supplemental lipids (5% of diet)

What gives the yellow pigment in corn?

Xanthophyll

What are compounds used to prevent oxidative rancidity in fat?

Antioxidants

What are grits in poultry?

Hard insoluble/soluble particles, which remain
trapped in the gizzard to grind the feed

What is a prebiotic?

A selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microflora that confers benefits upon host well-being and
health

What are examples of prebiotics?

yeast cell wall products rich in mannan
oligosaccharides (MOS) and non-starch
oligosaccharides (NSPs)

What is a probiotic?

They imply the use of live microorganisms (such as Lactobacillus and Bacillus subtilis species) “the good bacteria” in lower digestive tract. They prevent pathogenic bacteria from spreading

What are exogenous enzymes?

They are several enzymes that are used in poultry to improve nutrient utilization

When can you expect optimum metabolic activity in poultry?

68-82 F

What are phytase enzymes?

They improve the absorption of phosphorus from corn and soybean meal

What are beta-glucanase enzymes?

They reduce digesta viscosity caused by certain
fibers and lipases to improve the bioavailability of dietary lipids or fats

You have to balance the protein to energy why?

you want energy to maintain body temp and metabolism, while the protein can go to building tissue (to make the breast bigger for a meatier chicken)

What are most poultry feeds?

1) mash - grind medium to fine

2) pellets - composed of mash feeds that are pelleted

3)crumbles - produced by rolling pellets

What are the pros and cons to Pellets/Crumbles?

Cost slightly more, but can reduce feed wastage & sorting, adapted to automatic equipment, less feeder and storage space, and improve palatability

In laying hens, how is their diet?

Fed high amounts of protein, minerals, and vitamins

How does the Ca requirement change in laying hens?

It varies with age, ambient temperature, rate of lay, and size.

If the temp goes above 85-90 degrees for your lying hens, you feed them less. Why?

Increase protein in their diet bc it’s a higher concentration

What was the crude protein content for poultry?

17-19%

How is the broiler/turkey diet?

High in protein, minerals, and vitamins (higher than laying hens) and are fed free choice

what are coccidiostats?

To prevent parasites

Do horses derive protein from bacteria?

No- bacteria are removed in the feces

What are problems caused by in horses?

The failure to understand their diet- they don’t need grain or any particular forage

What do horses lack in the digestive system to aid with fat digestion?

Gall bladder- only use 10-15% fat in their diet (usually for strenuous work or exercise)

What is a foals nutrition?

Forage and milk

What is creep feed?

A weaning food that helps transition from milk to forage

What is the major goal for the nutrition of growing horses?

To avoid rapid growth by feeding too much concentrate and to provide the proper balance of minerals

What is the second most serious problems with horse diseases?

Orthopedic diseases

what is epiphysitis?

Inflammation of the growing part of the bone- the epiphyseal plate

What does improper feeding in horses lead to?

Rapid growth rate puts increased pressure on developing bone near the joints (rear legs). This leads to osteochondrosis.

What is osteochondrosis?

improper formation of growing bone: cysts, chips, dislodged pieces

How do you reduce bone problems in horses?

Observe for tenderness, Optimize growth rate at 90-95% expected breed maximum, feed mixed forage, supplement grain only as needed, and make sure Ca, P, Zn, and Cu are optimal.

What is Azoturia?

muscle disorder in horses characterized by sudden, painful cramping of the large muscles—especially the legs—after exercise.

What causes azoturia?

equine polysaccharide storage myopathy, a genetic disease (PSSM)

How do you prevent azoturia?

Feeding balanced ration in small meals to avoid excess glycogen storage with a lower energy diet, little or no grain with added fat.

What is Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis?

It’s a genetic disorder- Paralysis caused by a temporary increase in blood plasma. Symptoms include periodic episodes of muscle weakness and
elevated phosphorus levels

How do you manage Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis?

Decrease the dietary potassium by feeding oat hay or reducing or removing potassium from the mineral mix

What is baking soda used for?

Small amounts given in water 2-3 hours before exercise can maintain a higher blood pH

Horses are susceptible to the toxins produced by several molds. What are they?

• Vomitoxin, aflatoxin, mycotoxins – very sensitive

• 
Fescue poisoning – alkaloids from ergot molds


• Estrogens from fusarium molds


• Slobbers from slaframine from Rhizoctonia legumincols, in legume,
especially clover. Look for black spots on leaves.


• Sweet clover disease – moldy clover from Aspergillus


• Grass staggers – from molds in bahia grass or ryegrass

Why do we use chemoattractants in feed?

To ensure easy identification, full consumption, and reduce waste