Predation

L21 and L22

Predator

Kills and consumes a number of prey animals  almost #>1.

Predation

Interaction in space and time between predators foraging + prey availability. Includes them searching

Parasitoid

 A parasite that will kill their host. They live at the expense of one other animal. They have 1 host. This host will die as a result of the interaction. ++Usually the larval stage

Ectoparasitoid

A type of parasitoid. Live externally on the host. They will still consume the host.

Endoparasitoid

A type of parasitoid. They are deposited and then live internally. They need to deal with the host's immune system. This is more common.

Parasite

They live at the expense of the host. They do not kill their host. 

Ectoparasite

A type of parasite. They live externally on the host. Ex, fleas and lice

Endoparasite

A type of parasite. They live in the host. Ex, Myasis.

Random foraging

A type of active foraging. There are still steps to it but it is less complex.Ex: aphid predators.  As the predator advances it swings its head around. If an aphid is detected then the searching intensifies if not old behaviour continues.

Non-random foraging

A type of active foraging. It uses specific cues to forage sometimes in specific orders/chains/simultaneous/stepwise. Sort of like an algorithm. 

Foraging

The process of  locating host/prey items. There are a variety of different strategies with a general trade off between energy and effectiveness/how often you will come across prey.

Sit and wait

A type of foraging. Predators find a suitable patch and wait for mobile prey to attack. Very time costly, low é cost.

Ambush predators

Cryptic and sedentary predators that use the sit and wait foraging strategy.

Trapping

A type of active foraging. Sit + wait + construct a trap. It is the midpoint between é cost and time expenditure. Downside to this is that it is a high investment strategy

Active search

A type of foraging. Running around looking for food. Energy expensive strategy but if prey is found it is very time efficient. Ex, ground beetles

Patch detection

The first step of active search. The predator detects host plants or suitable antibiotic conditions.

Search

The second step of active search. They can forage within the patch randomly or non-randomly.

Kairomone

A hacked pheromone. Interspecific communication where the response to the signal is beneficial to the receiver and not the signaler. The pheromone is exploited by a predator or a parasitoid to find prey or a host.

Synonome

A cue used for interspecific communication is great for everyone. Ex: When a plant is attacked by a herbivore. It is good for plants because parasitoids come. It is good for herbivores because it stimulates rapid consumption

Allomone

A cue used for interspecific communication. The response is good for the signaler but not the receiver. It is not toxic.

Monophagous

A type of predator. That only eats 1 group of prey. It selects gregarious and eusocial prey.

Oligophagous

A type of predator. Only eats a few types of prey. Ambush predators, based on where they live.

Polyphagous

 A type of predator. Very common, hard to only eat 1 thing nutrient wise.

Monoxenous

A type of parasite/parasitoid. It is restricted to a single host.

Oligoxenous

A type of parasite/parasitoid. It is restricted to a few closely related hosts.

Polyxenous

A type of parasite/parasitoid. It can use many species as its host.

Ectoparasitoidism

A type of parasitoidism. The eggs are laid close to or on the host body. The larvae live on the outside of the host. They do not have to deal with the host's immune response.

Endoparasitoidism

A type of parasitoidism. The eggs are typically laid in the host's body. The larvae develop within the host. They have to deal w/ the host immunity response.

Idiobiont

A type of parasitoid. It kills or paralyzes its host, stopping growth and development. Strategic because the later larval instars are often attacked.

Koibionts

It lays its eggs in a young host that continues to grow. They can manipulate its own development or its host development to sync them

Host discrimination

A parasitoid's ability to tell if a host's already been parasitized. They know this through pheromones. This system can be exploited in hyperparasitism.

Superparasitoidism

A type of parasitoid. 2+ eggs from different members of 1 species oviposit in 1 host. This results in intraspecific competition

Multiparasitoidsm

A type of parasitoid. Multiple species oviposit in 1 host. Often will oviposit in different parts of the host.

Hyperparasitoidsm

A secondary parasitoid for the primary parasitoid.

Obligate hyperparasitoidism

A type of hyperparasitoidism. The hyper parasitoid needs to develop within the primary parasitoid.

Facultative hyperparasitoidism

A type of hyperparasitoidism. It does not need to but it can be a hyper parasitoid.

Hypermetamorphosis

The 1st larval instar is morphologically and behaviorally different from subsequent larval instars.

Granulocytes

A type of circulating hemocyte that has filopodia feet that look like microtubules.

Plasmatocytes

A type of circulating hemocyte that has pseudopodia that look like fleshy feet.

Avoidance

A strategy to deal with the host's immune system. It is when the parasitoid does not have to deal with the immune system in the first place. Some examples include, 

• Ectoparasiotids 

• Egg parasitoids laying into eggs with weak to no immune system. 

• Entering host organs to avoid hemolymph because hemocytes are not found in other organs. 

Evasion

 A strategy to deal with the host's immune system. It includes,

• Molecular mimicry where the parasitoid is covered in substances similar to host proteins and is not recognized as non-self by the host. 

• Cloaking where the parasitoid insulates itself in a membrane or capsule derived from egg or host tissue. This is a type of subversion. 

• Rapid development

Destruction

A strategy to deal with the host's immune system. Weakening and/or … the host's immune system through its feeding habitats. It also includes the … of the hosts' responding haemocytes.

Suppresion

A strategy to deal with the host's immune system. It delays/suppresses the host immune response using a  polydnavirus. This is often accompanied by reduction in host haemocyte counts and other changes.

Polydnavirus

Obligate mutualists of parasitoid wasps. They are vertically transmitted. Wasps use them to genetically manipulate the hosts they parasitize

Subversion

• A strategy to deal with the host's immune system. The parasitoid develops despite the host response. It includes:

• Some parasitoids may use the encapsulating capsule turning it into a sheath. By keeping it open so they can feed on it. 

Their egg shells can remain in the hemolymph and grow into teratocytes

Teratocyte

They originate from egg shells and they float around the hemolymph and secrete hormones used to overcome immune response.