Supplemental anatomy

thyroid cartilage

forms the adam’s apple

vital lung capacity

the amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs by maximum exhalation following maximum inhalation

bicarbonate ions

most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in the form of

10%

the approximate percentage of carbon dioxide carried in solution in the blood

orthopnea

a breathing difficulty that is relieved by sitting upright

acute coryza

common cold, upper respiratory infection

thoracentesis

a medical procedure to remove fluid from the pleural space in the chest using a needle or catheter

tomy

hole or opening made as a result of a medical procedure

pneumothorax

accumulation of air in the pleural cavity, causing lung collapse.

spirometry test

a common pulmonary function test that measures lung function, specifically the volume and speed of air that can be inhaled and exhaled.

External gas exchange

occurs in the lungs as oxyfen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood to be expelled

internal gas exchange

occurs in the tissues as oxygen diffuses from the blood to the cells, and carbon dioxide travels from the cells into the blood.

surfactant

a substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing lung collapse and aiding in gas exchange.

tidal volume

the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet, relaxed breathing

residual volume

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation

respiratory syncytial virus

a common respiratory virus that causes infections in the lungs and breathing passages, particularly in infants and young children.

Cheyne Stokes respiration

a type of abnormal breathing pattern characterized by a gradual increase in breathing depth followed by a decrease, often associated with various medical conditions.

hypoxemia

aortic valve

which valve prevents blood from reentering the left ventricle

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, purkinje fibers

order in which impulses travel through the heart

sinoatrial node

pacemaker of the heart

angioplasty

a procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels.

fluoroscope

an imaging technique using X-rays to observe the movement of internal structures in real time.

infarct

a localized area of tissue that becomes necrotic due to a lack of blood supply caused by a heart attack

hypotensive

low BP

angiography

a medical imaging technique that visualizes the inside of blood vessels and organs using X-rays and a contrast agent.

atria

the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid/mitral) open when the pressure is greater in the ___ than the ventricles

ventricles

the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) close when the pressure in the _____ is lower than in the large arteries.

heart rate times stroke volume

cardiac output =

cardiac output

the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

beta blockers

medications that reduce heart rate and lower blood pressure by blocking the effects of adrenaline.

beta blockers

medications used to manage abnormal heart rhythms and reduce the workload on the heart. they slow heart rate, reduce the force of heart beats, and relax blood vessels

premature ventricular contraction

an abnormal contraction initiated by the purkinje fibers

AV valves

the lub sound is made by the closure of the

semilunar valves

the dup sound occurs at the beginning of ventricular relaxation and is caused by the closure of the

systole

the conraction phase of the heartbeat where the heart muscles contract and pump blood from the chambers into the arteries.

diastole

the relaxation phase of the heartbeat where the heart chambers relax and fill with blood.

sinoatrial node

initiates the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat

atrioventricular node

recieves electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node and slows them down

bundle branches

conduct impulses from the atrioventricular bundle and sends them through the septum via the ____. then they send the impulses to each ventricle

purkinje fibers

finger like projections that initiate ventricular contraction

electrocadriograph (EKG)

a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart, providing information about heart rhythm, size, and any potential damage. P, T, QRS wave

catheter

a thin tube threaded through a vessel for diagnosis or repair

coronary angiography

during catheterization, contrast can be injected into the coronary arteries to map vascular damage

P wave

EKG wave that represents atrial depolarization/contraction/systole

T wave

EKG wave that represents ventricular repolarization/diastole/relaxation

atherosclerosis

a condition where cholesterol and plaque build up in the arteries, narrowing them and restricting blood flow.

thrombus

A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel and remains there, potentially obstructing blood flow.

myocardial infarction

heart attack, occurs when clots form in the coronary arteries

angina pectoris

discomfort felt in the region of the heart as a result of coronary artery disease because of lack of oxygen and nutrients

rheumatic heart disease

originates with an attack of rheumatic fever in childhood or youth. it is typically caused by streptococcal infection that can lead to damage of heart valves and subsequent heart complications.

connective tissue

cardiac output decreases wwith age because heart chambers become smaller and muscle tissue is replaced with______

anticoagulants

drugs used to prevent clot formation in patients with damage to heart valves or blood vessels and patients who have had a myocardial infarction

coronary artery bypass graft

a surgical procedure that improves blood flow to the heart by redirecting blood around blocked coronary arteries using a vessel from another part of the body.

angioplasty

a procedure that opens narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the heart through the insertion of a balloon catheter.

digitalis

a medication used to increase the strength and efficiency of heart contractions, often used in heart failure and atrial fibrillation.

cardiac cycle

one complete sequence of heart contraction and relexation

sinus arrhythmia

normal changes in the heart rate and depth of breathing

coarctation

congenital narrowing of the aortic arch

ischemia

narrowing of the coronary arteries that reduces blood flow to the heart muscle.

hemoglobin

a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

differential white blood count

test that measures the number of eosiniphils in a blood sample to diagnose allergies or asthma.

Vitamin K

vitamin that is needed for blood clotting

albumin

most abundant plasma protein, important for maintaining the blood’s osmotic pressure and normal blood volume

7.4

normal pH of blood

55%

about_____ of total blood volume is plasma

osmotic pressure

the pressure required to prevent the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane due to solute concentration.

red bone marrow

blood cells form in the ____

erythropoietin

hormone released from the kidney in response to decreased oxygen, controls red cell production

neutrophils

54-62% a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in immune defense, primarily by engulfing and digesting pathogens.

eosinophilsl

1-3% a type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions and fighting parasitic infections.

basophils

>1% a type of white blood cell that is involved in allergic reactions inflammatory responses and releases histamine and other chemicals.

lymphocytes

25-38% a type of white blood cell that is crucial for adaptive immunity, including B cells that produce antibodies and T cells that destroy infected or cancerous cells.

T cells

directly kill infected cells

B cells

create antibodies to kill pathogens

macrophages

mature monocytes that are highly active in disposing of invaders and foreign material