Absolutism

What was Ptolemy known for before the Age of Exploration?

He created the go-to map but lacked certain continents and underestimated the ocean's size.

What were the main reasons for exploration during 1450-1700?

Gold, God, Glory, Renaissance, Curiosity, and Opportunity.

What technological innovations facilitated exploration?

Caravel, Compass, Lateen sail, Rudder, Astrolabe, and Gun Powder.

Why were Spain and Portugal the first countries to explore?

They were closest to the Atlantic and had leaders like Prince Henry the Navigator.

Who was Vasco De Gama and what was his significance?

He was the first to reach India, establishing trade that made Portugal wealthy.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The transfer of goods between the New World and the Old World, including crops and livestock.

What were some key products exchanged from the New World to the Old World?

Tobacco, Cotton, Potato, Cacao, and Pineapples.

What were some key products exchanged from the Old World to the New World?

Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Bananas, and diseases like measles and smallpox.

What characterized the Commercial Revolution?

Changes in production driven by demand, funding driven by capitalism, and a shift in government roles.

What was the Protestant Work Ethic?

The belief that prosperity was a sign of being elected by God, leading to a greater embrace of scientific ideas.

What was the Price Revolution?

A long-term rise in prices due to population growth and economic boom, starting in Spain and spreading to all of Europe.

What is Absolutism?

A political doctrine that emphasizes the divine right of kings and centralized sovereignty in the ruler.

What did Thomas Hobbes believe about Absolutism?

He argued it was necessary to prevent society from descending into chaos and violence.

What was the significance of Henry IV of France?

He reduced taxes, rooted out corruption, and issued the Edict of Nantes for religious tolerance.

Who was Cardinal Richelieu?

The first Prime Minister of France, who centralized power and was a key figure during Louis XIII's reign.

What was the Fronde?

A series of civil wars in France from 1648-1653, led by nobles against royal authority.

What were the characteristics of Absolutism?

Strong dynasties, nobles accepting monarchs' authority, centralized bureaucracy, and large standing armies.

What role did Cardinal Mazarin play in French history?

He kept France involved in the Thirty Years War and was a key advisor to Louis XIV.

What was the Intendant System in France?

A system where royal officials were appointed to oversee local governance and tax collection.

What was the impact of the Enclosure movement?

It marked the transition from communal farming to private land ownership, contributing to social changes.

What was the role of charter and joint-stock companies?

They facilitated investment and trade, allowing for the pooling of resources in exploration and commerce.