PCOG RJAV + PPT

pharmacognosy

• Applied science that deals with the biological, biochemical, and economic features of drugs of biological origin and their constituents

• Medicinal products in their crude or unprepared form

• Hammurabi (772 BC)

• clay

• 250

• mages

• wheat

the Babylonians contributed to the Law of ______ (_____), _____ models of the human body, medicinal effects of _____ plants, _____ and physicians, _____ and barley

Ayurveda (2500 BC)

• Traditional medicine

• “Science of life”

• Mother of all healing arts

• What year?

Charaka samhita

• text on internal medicine

• Etiology, symptoms, and therapeutics

Sushruta sambita

• 184 chapters; 1120 illness

• Surgeries and instruments

• Embalming

• Ebers papyrus

• priest and doctors

• human anatomy and use of plants

contribution of the Egyptians (4)

• mortars & pestles

• hand mills

• sieves

• balances

the Egyptians used these 4 tools for compounding

• suppositories

• gargles

• pills

• inhalations

• troches

• lotions

• ointments

• plasters

• enemas

the 9 dosages forms the Egyptians used

George Ebers

he discovered the Ebers papyrus

Ebers Papyrus (1550 BC)

• most famous surviving artifact

• continuous scroll 60 ft. long and a foot wide

• dominated by drug formulas or prescriptions

• 700 drugs mentioned

• chiefly botanical drugs, some mineral and animal drugs mentioned

Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

• Father of Medicine

• contributed to medicine by:

  • observations of disease & effects

  • how health is influenced by diet, breakdowns in bodily processes & environment

Dioscorides (78 AD)

wrote “De Materia Medica” or The Medicinal material (____ AD)

• aloe

• belladonna

• colchicum

• ergot

• opium

the 5 plants in De Materia Medica

Claudius Galen (131-200 AD)

• Father of Pharmaceutical compounding

• described methods and processes of preparing formulas containing plant and animal drug

Johann Adam Schmidt (1759-1809)

• first coined pharmacognosy and pharmacodynamics

• described the study of medicinal plants and their properties

Lehrbuch de Materia Medica

• handwritten manuscript of J.A. Schimdt

• published in Vienna (1811)

• pharmakon

• gnosis

pharmacognosy was coined from ____ and ____

Christian Aenotheus Seydler

he coined pharmacognosy after Schmidt’s book

Analecta Pharmacognostica

small work by C.A. Seydler

Friedrich August Fluckiger

defined pharmacognosy as the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring drugs from every point of view

Karl Wilhelm Scheele

• most famous of all pharmacists; scientific genius & dramatic discoveries

• identified glycerin

• invented new methods of preparing calomel & benzoic acid

• discovered oxygen a year before Priestly

• lactic acid

• citric acid

• oxalic acid

• tartaric acid

• arsenic acid

5 acid chemical discoveries of K.W. Scheele

Friedrich Sertuner

• German pharmacist

• Isolated morphine from opium

• (1805) prompted a series of isolations of other active material from medical plants

Joseph Caventou & Joseph Pelletier

• they isolated quinine and cinchocine from cinchona

• also isolated strychnine and brucine from nux vomica 

Pierre Robiquet & Joseph Pelletier

they isolated caffeine

Pierre Robiquert

he independently separated codeine from opium

crude drugs

• Vegetable or animal drugs consists of natural substances that had undergone only the processes of collection and drying

• plant exudates

natural substances

• Formed in nature

• Whole plants or parts; Animals or organs

• No molecular modifications had been made

Derivatives or extracts

Chief principle or constituents of crudes drugs that are separated and used in a specific manner

Menstruum

• Solvent

• liquid/ liquid

• mixture used to extract active principle

Marc

Undissolved portion of the drug that remarks after extraction process is completed

• collection

• harvesting

• drying

• curing

• garbling

• packaging

• storage

• preservation

8 steps in preparing crude drugs

collection

step of crude drug preparation where:

• small scale collection

• ensures the true natural source of drug

collection time

aspect of (1st step) collection where the aim is to isolate the right type and right amount of constituents

protopectin

substance rich when collection time is unripe

pectin

substance rich when the collection time is just ripe

pectic acid

substance rich when the collection time is over ripe

harvesting

step of crude drug preparation where:

• large scale collection

• mechanically or manually

• acc. to type of drug to be harvested and pharmacopeial standards

• specific or proper season

drying

step of crude drug preparation where:

• Remove moisture to prevent bacterial and fungal growth with enzymatic degradation (inhibits partial enzymatic reaction)

• fixed constituents

• facilitates grinding and milling — converts plants to convenient form

• Natural or Artificial

curing

step of crude drug preparation where:

• Special drying process that enhances properties of plant’s active ingredients

• Cascara in MgO or Vanilla under the “sweating” process

garbling

step of crude drug preparation where:

• sorting / removal of extraneous matter (sand dirt, foreign organic parts)

• Final step in preparation of crude drugs

packaging

step of crude drug preparation where:

• maintain high degree of quality of drug

• protection & marketability

• ample protection to the drugs

storage

step of crude drug preparation where:

• area preventing direct sunlight and enzymatic degradation caused by excessive moisture

• expose to heat (65 C) (simple method)

• fumigation (methylbromide)

• drop of chloroform (CHCl₃) / carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)

3 methods to prevent insect attack in storage of crude drug preparation

preservation

step of crude drug preparation where:

• addition of substance to prevent chemical change or bacterial action

drug evaluation

• method used to authenticate drug samples by identifying and determining its purity and quality

• qualitative (intrinsic value of drug; type of medicinal principles)

• quantitative (amount)

• organoleptic

• microscopic

• pharmacologic (bioassay)

• chemical

• physical

5 methods of drug evaluation

organoleptic

method of drug evaluation where:

• use of sense organ

• evaluates macroscopic appearance of drug

microscopic

method of drug evaluation where:

• use of microscope to determine purity and identity of drugs

• Allows a more detailed examination of a drug and it can be used to identify organized drugs by their known histological characters

• adulterants

• evaluate in a cellular level

pharmacologic (bioassay)

method of drug evaluation where:

• assays using living things (animals / excised organs) to evaluate effects of drugs

chemical

method of drug evaluation where:

• Assay of active constituents using chemicals (titration)

• Best determination of official potency

• best method to determine purity

physical

method of drug evaluation where:

• use of physical constant

• Determination of various physical characteristics/ parameters

• Solubility, sp. gv., viscosity of drugs, optical rotation, congealing point, melting point, boiling point, etc.

maceration

method of extraction where:

• involves separation of medicinally active portions of crude drug

• based on immersion of crude drug in bulk of solvent or menstruum

• soaked in solvent for a long time

percolation

method of extraction where:

• continuous flow of solvent through bed of crude drug material to get the extract

• Passage through percolator (ex. Simple Syrup USP)

modified percolation

method of extraction where:

• conventional process modified when solvent is dilute alcohol

• continued

• collected & set aside

• collected, concentrated

• final product

In modified percolation, when the strength of the alcohol needs to be unaffected by conc. of the extract, percolation is _____ and the first quantity of the percolate is ______. The subsequent quantities of the percolates are _____, _____, and lastly the first volume of the percolate is added in the _____

soxhlet extraction

method of extraction where:

• process of continuous extraction in which the same solvent can be circulated through the extractor for several times

• involves extraction followed by evaporation of the solvent

• vapors

• condenser

• condensed liquid

In soxhlet extraction, the _____ of the solvent are taken to a _____ and the _____ is returned to the drug for continuous extraction

infusion

method of extraction where:

• crude drug is macerate for a period of time in either hot or cold water

• short contact action

digestion

method of extraction where:

• form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the extraction process

• used when moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable

• solvent efficiency of menstruum is increased by heat

• <35 - 40 C

decoction

method of extraction where:

• boiling of herbal or plant material to dissolve the chemicals of the material (stems, roots, barks, rhizomes)

Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) / Partitioning / Solvent Extraction

method of extraction where:

• method to separate compounds or metal complexes, based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar)

Distillation

method of extraction where:

• process of physically separating one or more components with a different boiling point in a mixture

Indigenous Plants

Plants growing in their native countries

Naturalized Plants

Plants growing in foreign land other than their native homes

Rinorea niccolifera

• metal eating plant (nickel)

• indigenous plant in PH

Alphabetical

classification of drug where:

• Arranged in alphabetical order based on Latin or English name or even vernacular names

Morphological

classification of drug where:

• Forms

• Grouped according to plant part used

• Convenient but no chemical correlation

taxonomic

classification of drug where:

• evolutionary development

• no correlation on chemical and biological activity

Carl Linnaeus

• Swedish biologist and physician

• formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms

• father of modern taxonomy

Phylogeny

natural relationship that occurs among plants and animals

Therapeutic/ Pharmacologic

classification of drug where:

• based on drugs effect on body

Chemical

classification of drug where:

• Based-active constituents that are present

• Preferred method of classification

• Phytochemical studies but ambiguous at times

active constituents

• considered secondary metabolites

• through drug biosynthesis or biogenesis

• Pharmacologically active

• Pharmaceutically active

2 classes of active constituents

• carbohydrates

• proteins

• fatty acids / lipids

• nucleic acid

4 primary metabolites

• glycosides

• gums & mucilages

• streptomycin

3 secondary metabolites under carbohydrates

• phenols

• tannins

• lignins

3 secondary metabolites under aromatic amino acids

• alkaloids

• peptides

• penicillin

3 secondary metabolites under aliphatic amino acids

• fats & waxes

• tetracyclines

• anthraquinones

3 secondary metabolites under fatty acids

ontogeny (biogenesis)

stage of development where the active constituent may differ

cannabidiol

active constituent on a young marijuana plant

• ontogeny

• heredity / genetic

• environment

(3) Biogenesis that affects the active constituents present

carbohydrates

• Polyhydric aldehyde or ketone alcohols that contain C, H, and O

• H and O has same ratio as that of water thus its name

• First product of synthesis

C_n(H₂O)_n

General carbohydrate formula

Xylem

plant part that carries the water

Phloem

• plant part that carries the nutrients (food)

• source, storage, structure

• monosaccharide

  • Pentose

    • Xylose

  • Hexoses

    • glucose

    • fructose

    • galactose

• disaccharide

  • sucrose

  • molasses

  • maltose

  • lactose

  • lactulose

classification of carbohydrates

monosaccharide

• simplest carbohydrate unit

• cannot be hydrolyzed

brick red ppt (+)

result when monosaccharides are added with Benedict and Barfoed's test

• # of carbon atoms 

• functional groups

monosaccharides are classified according to (2)

neuraminic acid

• derivative of nine-carbon monosaccharide sialic acid

• precursor to all sialic acid

hydroxyacetaldehyde

example of diose

• dihydroxyacetone

• glyceraldehyde

example of triose (2)

erythrose

example of tetrose

• arabinose

• xylose

• ribose

example of pentose (3)

• glucose

• fructose

• galactose

example of hexose (3)

dedoheptose

example of peptose

D-glycerol-Dmannoctulose

example of octulose

Neuraminic acid

example of nonose