Cardiovascular and respiratory system

Anatomy & Physiology 12

Pulmonary circulation

Circulation regulated by the right side of the heart to the lungs with oxygen poor blood

Systemic circulation

Circulation regulated by the left side of the heart where blood from heart goes to the body

Inner layer of the arteries and veins

Layer of artery/vein with endothelium and connective tissue

Middle layer of the arteries and veins

Thickest layer of artery/vein where smooth muscle contract to regulate blood flow and bp. Elastic fibres for expansion but less elastic for veins.

Outer layer of arteries and veins

Layer of artery/vein where there is fibrous connective tissue and becomes loose connective tissue eventually

Arterioles

Smaller arteries that contains endothelium and elastic tissue with smooth muscle with fibres. When contracted, smaller diameter of vasoconstriction and larger diameter for vasodilation.

Vasoconstriction

When arterioles is contracted with increased blood pressure, decreased flow, and decreased heat loss.

Vasodilation

When arterioles is expanded with decreased blood pressure, increased flow, and increased heat loss.

Capillaries

Blood vessel that joins arterioles and venules where there’s thin walls composed only of a single layer of endothelium with a basement membrane. Has spincters.

Veins

Largest are superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. Has valves and carries deoxygenated blood other than pulmonary ____.

Venules

Small veins that drain blood from capillary beds with valves to prevent backflow of blood, akso with 3 layers.

Coronary arteries and veins

Supplies the heart with blood and removes wastes, branch off from the aorta. When blocked, blood cannot reach region of heart tissue and tissue with die.

Artery

Contains 3 layers and is a blood vessel. Largest is the aorta.

Hepatic vein

Vein that drains blood from the liver

Hepatic portain vein

Blood vessel that carries blood from the digestive tract/pancreas to the liver

Renal veins/arteries

Artery/veins of the kidneys

iliac veins/arteries

Arteries/veins for the lower body

Mesenteric arteries/veins

Arteries/veins for the large and small intestine

Carotid artery

Artery on each side of the neck that brings blood to the brain

Jugular vein

Vein that drains blood from the head

Pulse

Expanding and recoiling of an arterial wall that can be felt in any artery, when aorta expands and recoils with ventricular contraction, there are pressure waves in arteries

Blood pressure

Pressure of the blood against wall of a vessel, created by heart pumping. Lower reduces capacity to transport blood, and higher lead to artery weakening & rupturing.

Baroreceptors

Blood pressire receptors in the aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to high blood pressure. SEnds nerve impulse to brain to suppress sympathetic nerve and stimulate parasympathetic nerve. Slows down blood into the arteries.

Sympathetic nerve

Fight or flight nerve that increases nodes activity

Parasympathetic nerve

Nerve that decreases SA & AV node active, extrinsic way to manage heartbeat.

ECG diagram

A graph of voltage versus time graph of the heart. P when atria about to contract, QRS when ventricles about to contract, T when ventrucular muscles recover.

Sphygmanometer

Instrument that measures blood pressure of systolic bp and diastolic bp.

Skeletal muscle contractions

Contractions of the flow of blood in venules and veins

Hypotension

Low bp

Hypertension

High bp associated with cardiovascular dieases caused by diet, stress, and kidney involvement

Atherosclerosis

Plaque buildup due to saturated fats & cholesterol, making arteries narrower. Occurs in coronary arteries, carotid arteries, aorta, and leg arteries. Experience chest pain, stroke, and claudication (limb pain)

Beta-blockers

Treatment for atherosclerosis that prevents stimulation of the autonomic nervous system

Vasodilators

Prevents arteries contricting, treats atherosclerosis

Diuretics

Causes kidney to excrete excess salts and fluids, treats atherosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis

Natural hardening throughout the artery system due to aging

Stroke

When a portion of the brain dies due to lack of oxygen when arteriole bursts (aneurysm) or blocked by an embolism (blockage-clot, fat, air bubble). Causes death or paralysis. Feeds numbness in hands/faces, difficulty in speaking, temporary blindness in one eye. Women has nausea and general weakness.

Heart attack

When heart dies due to lack of oxygen, victim has angina pectoris (pain in the left arm), and death may result. There is chest discomfort, upper body discomfort, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, and light-headedness. For women, no chest pressure.

Erythropoietin

Hormone that speeds up maturation of RBC in bone marrow

Thrombus

Stationary clot attached to the arterial wall

Embolus

When thrombus becomes dislodged and moves along the blood, get stuck in narrow vessel and block flow of blood

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein, blood may clot. If embolism winds up in a pulmonary arteriole, blocking lungs, pulmonary embolism (can kill)

Varicose veins

Abnormal and irregular dilations in superficial veins in lower legs, vales weak and ineffective due to backward pressure. In rectum are called hemorrhoids

Plasma

Liquid portion of blood (55%), contains nutruents, saltsm repiratory gases, wastes, hormones, blood proteins

Cellular components

Component of blood that is not plasma, containing erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that carries oxygen, main component is hemoglobin. Made from stem cells in bone marrow that lost nuclei and organelles. Makes energy using anaerobic glycolysis which breaks down glucose without oxygen.

Macrophages

A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. Eats erythrocytes through phagocytosis

Anemia

Insufficient number of RBC and causes kidneys to release hormone erythropoietin

Leukocytes

WBC that are made from stem cells in bone marrow, larger than RBC, and increase when fighting infection. Has three types.

Granular leukocyte

A type of WBC that plays a key role in inflammation, allergic reaction, pus, and destruct bacteria and parasites.

Neutrophils

A type of granular leukocyte that is the most abundant and uses phagocytosis

Basophils

A type of granular leukocyte that releases histamine

Eosinophils

A type of granular leukocyte that fihts parasitic worms

Lymphocytes

A type of leukocyte that contains B cell & T cell in immune response, made in lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, etc. Produces antibodies, a type of agranular leukocyte.

Monocytes

A type of leukocyte that mature into macrophages in body tissues, phagocytize foreign matter and organisms such as bacteria

Thrombocytes

Platelets which are cell fragments formed in bone marrow of fragmentation of large cells megakaryocytes. LAck nucleu and function in clot formation to stop bleeding.

Blood typing

Type of blood based on polysaccharides on the membrane of the erythrocyte. Attached to proteins and lipids in the membrane to trigger antigens. Extract antibody in blood and mix. Extract antobodies in blood and mix with anti-A / anti-B antibodies. If anti-A antibody clump, type A. Neither, O. If anti-D clump, positive.

Antigens

On ethryrocytes to help identify the type

Antibody

Found in plasma, not the antigen type and attacks those that foreign to the bodu. It is produced by white blood cell and bind to foreign antigens.

Agglutination

The clumping of particles, often cells or microorganisms, due to a specific interaction like an antibody binding to an antigen

RH system

A system to determine if someone has this antigen (positive) or not (negative).

Erythroblastosis fetalis

When erythrocytes of fetus is attacked by immune system of mom due to her having RH - and the body having RH + (2nd child)

Rhogam

A vaccine to prevent anti-RH antibody produced by the mother, contains anti-Rh antibody that attacks RH antigen. Given close to birth.

Arterial water exchange

As blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure, water will leave the bloodstream through the capillaries

Venous water exchange

As blood pressure is lower than osmotic pressure, water will enter the bloodstream through the capillaries

Blood to cell at capillaries

Includes oxygen, glucose, amino acid, and nutrients

Cell to blood at capillaries

Includes carbon dioxide, urea, and waste

Lymphatic capillaries

Something that absorbs excess tissue fluid when some plasma don’t enter the veins again

Blood clotting/coagulation

Occurs when injury happens to maintain homeostasis. When blood changes from a liquid to a gel.

Prothrombin

Globulins manufactured and deposited in the blood by the liver where vitamin K is necessary and is necessary for clotting.

Fibrinogen

Globulins manufactured and deposited in the blood by the liver, necessary for clotting

Thromboplastin

Enzyme released by damaged cells that react with thrombocytes to form active plasma thromboplastin

active plasma thromboplastin

Prothrombin activator that reacts with prothrombin to form enzyme thrombin, requires calcium ions

Thrombin

Enzyme that severs two short amino acid chains from fibrinogen molecule

Fibrin

When fibrinogen molecule gets severed by thrombin

Fibrin fragments

Multiple fibrin joined together to form a fibre network for blood clot

Plasmin

When blood vessel repair initiates and this enzyme destroys the fibrin network and restores the fluidity of the plasma

Hemophilia

A blood clotting disorder that bleeds joints

Inflammatory reaction

Something that happens when skin is broken due to a minor injury, characterized by swelling and reddening at site of injury

Mast cell

A type of white blood cell found in connective tissue that plays a role in immune and allergic reaction

Bradykinins

A peptide that plays a key role in inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and pain perception

Pus

When neutrophils die when overcoming infection along with dead tissue, cells, bacteria, and white living cells

Breathing

Movement of air in and out of lungs

Respiration

All the processes involved in the exchange of gases between environment and cells of the body

Internal respiration

oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissue fluid

Cellular respiration

When cells produce ATP in mitochondria that requires oxygen gas and releases carbon dioxide

Cilia

Traps dust and debris in nose cavities. In trachea, bent upward to move up mucus or other bad things inhaled. Some cells on top of nasal cavities are scent receptors

Glottis

The opening to the larynx is open

Vocal cords

Elastic ligaments that stretch from the back to the front of the larynx just at side of glottis, protected by cartilage (Adam’s apple). Vibrate when exposed to air and produces sound

Pitch

Depends on the length, thickness, and degree of elasticity and tension for sound

Trachea

Held open by cartilaginous rings and lined with ciliated mucous membranes

Epithelial tissue

Encloses the alveolar sac for easuer gas exchange

Lipoprotein

A film to prevent alveoli from collapsing and sticking together

Thoracic cavity

The space within the chest that houses vital organs and structures, including the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and major blood vessels. It is enclosed by the ribcage, spine, and diaphragm. 

Diaphragm

A thick dome shaped muscle that powers breathing

Pleural membranes

Encloses the lungs where one lines the chest and one lines the lung. In between has fluid for an air-tight seal.

Negative pressure

Power breathing as oxygen and carbon dioxide move from high pressure to low pressure

Pleural pressure

Pressure inside the lungs

Atmospheric pressure

Pressure outside in the environment

External intercostal muscles

When diaphragm contracts and move down, it contracts too by pulling ribs up and out to increase space in thoracic cavity when breathing in. Relaxes when breathing in.

Internal intercostal muscle

Does not move unless strenuous exercise that pulls rib cage down. Beneath the external intercostal muscle.