Identity and Personality

self-concept

how we see ourselves

Identity

components of our self-concept that relate to groups to which we belong

Difference between ethnic and national identity

Ethnic: race/ethnic group

Nationality: political borders

Hierarchy of salience

A specific situation will determine what foremost identity holds the most important

Three aspects of the Self-discrepancy theory

1. actual self

2. ideal self

3. ought self

Actual self

how we see ourselves

ideal selves

how we wish to be

ought self

how others think we should be

Locus of control is

how we perceive the influences in our lives

What was the cause of development according to Freud

Libido

Oral Stage

0-1 years

putting objects in mouth

excessive dependency

Anal Stage

1-3 years

toilet training

fixation can lead to excessive order or messiness

phallic stage

3-5 years

Oedipal/Electra complex is resolved

Latency Stage

5 - puberty

Libido is sublimated

genital stage

puberty -

enter healthy sexual relationship

Erikson’s Theory of development

personality is derived from the resolution of social and emotional conflicts

Zone of proximal development

Skills are in the process of being learned but require the help of others to master it

Id

Base primal desires and urges

primary process

Ego

reality principle, objective reality

keeps the Id and superego in check

Superego

ideal self

perfectionism, pride, guilt

Two characteristics of defense mechanisms

1. deny, falsify, and distort reality

2. operates unconciously

8 defense mechanisms

1. Repression

2. Suppression

3. Regression

4. Reaction Formation

5. Projection

6. Rationalization

7. Displacement

8. Sublimation

Jungian archtypes

Persona: what we present to the world

Anima: man’s “inner woman”

Animus: Woman’s “inner man”

Shadow: aspects we do not show the world

Psychoanalytic personality

Unconscious urges and desires

Humanistic Personality

Conscious feelings about oneself, strive for self-realization

Type Personality

distinct qualities and dispositions to which people are grouped

Trait personalities

different degrees of certain qualities and dispositions

Behaviorist personality

behavioral responses based on prior rewards and punishments

Social Cognitive Personality

interactions between people and the environment

Biological Personality

genetic influences and brain anatomy

Psychoticism

nonconformity or social deviance

Extraversion

tolerance for social interactions and stimulation

Neuroticism

emotional arousal in stressful situations

Five big personality traits

1. openness

2. Conscientiousness

3. extraversion

4. agreeableness

5. Neuroticism