HBNS 200: chap 9

Combining glucose to make the more complex molecule of glycogen is considered ____

anabolic

During periods of growth, such as when new tissue is being made, the body is in a __ state

anabolic

Catabolic pathways produce which of the following from the production of ATP?

• carbon dioxide

• heat

• water

Which vitamin functions as the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide during intense aerobic exercise?

Niacin

What are the two functions of glycolysis?

• to produce energy

• to provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds

During periods of weight loss or during a wasting disease such as cancer, the body is in ___ state

catabolic

Adenosine triphosphate, aka ____ is the main form of energy used by the body

ATP

The transition reaction also ____, which will eventually enter the electron transport chain

reduces NAD

Which of the following vitamins assist dehydrogenase enzymes and therefore play a role in transferring the hydrogens from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell?

• Niacin

• Riboflavin

What are the other names for the citric acid cycle?

• the kreb cycle

• tricarboxylic acid cycle

Cellular respiration….

removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy

During glycolysis, glucose is converted to two units of ___

pyruvate

What is another name for fatty acid oxidatyion?

beta-oxidation

What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell?

ketosis

The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA occurs in a process called ___

the transition reaction

How many turns of the citric acid cycle does it take to process one glucose molecule?

two

What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids?

gluconeogenesis

The use of amino acids as a fuel will result in the removal of the amino group from the amino acid. This amino group, which contains nitrogen, is converted to ____. this substance must be removed from the body as a buildup of its toxic. This substance is removed from the body through urea, which is eventually excreted in urine.

ammonia

Which yields the most ATP?

fatty acid

Steps that lead to ketosis

the transition reaction also _____, which will eventually enter the elctron transport chain.

reduces NAD

After digestion and absorption, most nutrients through the ____

liver

Where can gluconeogenesis occur?

• kidney cells

• liver cells

what organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?

liver

During prolonged fasting, glucose-dependent cell’s energy needs are met by__

ketone bodies

The result of feasting is the accumulation of body___

fat

What are some of the key functions of the liver?

• production of ketone bodies

• nutrient storage

• alcohol metabolism

Which of the following help regulate energy metabolism?

• minerals

• hormones

• enzymes

During the first few days of fasting, body protein is broken down rapidly and supplies how much of the needed glucose for the body to function?

90%

Consequences of fasting?

• fat accumulation

• increased insulin production

• increased burning of glucose for energy