human physiology exam 1 (chapters 1-6)

physiology

the study of functions of living things

homeostasis

maintaining a relatively stable internal environment

first step of scientific method

make observations

negative feedback loop

change in a human condition(variable) leads to a response which COUNTERACTS that change (ex. body gets too cold, so shiver to warm up)

positive feedback loop

change in a condition leads to a response which amplifies change (ex. giving birth(oxytocin), ovulation, blood clot)

dynamic constancy

variables always changing

intrinsic maintenance of homeostasis

cells within the organ sense a change and signal neighboring cells to respond appropriatly (self advocate)

extrinsic maintenance of homeostasis

outside of organ (something else is monitoring)

skeletal muscle

striated, multinucleated, voluntary

smooth muscle

no striations, involuntary (found in organs)

cardiac muscle

striated, involuntary, heart muscle

neurons

high speed communication via electrical signals

neuroglua

support of neurons (maintain environment)

epithelial tissue

cover body surfaces, lines organs and tracts

connective tissue

connection, structure, support, transportation

adipose tissue

large cells (adiposites) most of interior occupied by a droplet of triglycerides

cartilage

cells found in small cavities (lacunae) in the matrix

organ

two or more primary tissues that fuction together to perform fuction

totipotent stem cells

can become any cell or placenta

pluripotent

can become any cell but NOT placenta

multipotent

can only become organ it is specialized for

adult stem cells

undifferentiated cells found in some organs, maintain and repair tissue

intracellular fluid

area inside the cell

extracellular fluid

outside the cell, made up of plasma (blood) and interstisial (between cells)

covalent

SHARING electrons, strongest bond

nonpolar covalent bond

atoms share electrons EQUALLY

polar covalent bond

unequal shaeing of electrons, unequal charge bwteen regions

ionic bond

one atoms GIVES elecrons to another , have strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

cations

positively charged ion

anions

negatively charged ion

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between polar molecules (opposites attract)

polar molecules (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)

hydrophilic (water soluble)

nonpolar molecules (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)

hydrophobic (water insoluble)

carbohydrates (sugars)

major source of energy in the body

monosaccharides

basic unit, one carbon ring

disaccharide

two monosaccharides joined by COVALENT bond

polysaccharides

many glucose molecules strung together, stored as glycogen, starch, fiber

triglycerides

3 fatty acids and a glycero backbone

saturated fatty acids

every carbon is fully bonded with hydrogrens

unsaturated

not all carbons fully bonded to hydrogens, some (c=c) double bonds

phospholipids

contain phosphate group instead of third fatty acid (ampipathic)

ampipathic

posses both polar (head) and nonpolar (tail) ends

cholesterol

needed to synthesize hormones, regulate cell membrane rigidity

corticsteroids

hormone produced by adrenal (above the kidneys) glands

sex steroids

hormones produced by gonads

prostaglandins

signaling, circulates to tell parts of the body what to do (inflammation, ovulation)

peptide bond

covalent bond linking carboxyl group of one AA to amino group of the next

polypeptide

molecule consisting of many joined amino acids

glycoprotein

protein + carbohydrate

lipoprotein

protein +lipid (carrier molecule in the blood)

HDL

"good" removed fat from blood

LDL

"bad" contributes to clogging arteries

enzymes

proteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

peripheral proteins

"doorway" inside OR outside the cell, help get messages across if theyre polar

integral proteins

integrated into membrane, pathway to get THROUGH

selective barrier

nonpolar molecules can freely move in/out by themselves

endocytosis

invagination of plasma membrane to pull materials into the cell

phagocytosis

cell extends pseudopods to "pacman" eat a SPECIFIC pathogen

pinocytosis

a cell takes a RANDOM "gulp" of extracellular fluid

exocytosis

merging of vesicle with plasma membrane (get something OUT)

cilia

hair-like structures that "beat" into the extracellular fluid for movement

flagella

tail on sprem

microvilli

small finger-like projections that increase surface area for more absorbtion

cytoskeleton

framwork of cell, microtubules (railway) and microfilaments

lysosomes

break down large molecules, contain digestive enzymes

autophagy

self distruction of cell, (cancer if doesnt work)

genetic disorders

body doesnt make a specific protein

peroxisomes

oxidative reactions, contain hydrogen peroxide, breakdown of fatty acids

mitochondria

double membrane (electron transport train occurs on inner membrane), possess own dna

ribosomes

use mRNA to make amino acid chains

SMOOTH endoplamic reticulum (SER)

synthesis of steroids, storage of calcium in skeletal muscles

ROUGH endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

modifies proteins with the help of ribosomes (help with protein modification)

golgi complex

shipping, made of cisternae

first 30 amino acids

hydrophobic and attracted to membrane of rough er (later taken to the lysosome)

chromatin

state of chromosomes when not dividing, spaghetti, makes it easier to find instructions

genes

sequence of DNA containing info needed to make proteins, "snippets" encode for more than one protein

chromosome

tightly coiled DNA containing genes

genome

all the genes in the human body

proteome

all the proteins produced in the human body

transcription

using dna to make rna in the nucleus

translation

synthesize of proteins, occurs in cytoplasm

replication

making a copy of DNA (for new cell) in mitosis

promoter region

attracts molecules to site

rna polymerase

"unzips" DNA

splicing

slicing of mRNA so initil is not the same as final

introns

sections to take out in splicing

exons

sections that remain after splicing to be put back together

semi-conservative

in DNA synthesis, conserving old strand

interphase

growth, DNA replication, growth

prophase

DNA forms chromosomes

metaphase

spindle fibers line up

anaphase

pull apart of fibers

telophase/cytokinesis

divide

humans have __ pairs of chromosomes

23

autosomes

code for traits

homologous chromosomes

each chromosome in a pair have the same things on them, but not same DNA, one becomes dominant

meiosis

two times cell division, produces four "half" cells

necrosis

pathological cell death (shouldn't happen), damages adjacent cells

apoptosis

programed cell death (lysosome and perozisome bursts inside cell)

hyperplasia

increase in number of cells