HS - Chapter 10 (Preventing Cardiovascular Disease)

cardiovascular disease

most prevalent degenerative disease in the US

chocolate

heart-healthy because of its contents of cocoa antioxidant polyphenol compounds called flavonoids

consequences of chocolate

lowers risk of heart attack, stroke, and type II diabetes

chocolate helps…

• reduce LDL (bad cholesterol)

• increase blood flow to the brain

• improves blood sugar absorption and insulin activity

• discourage blood clots

• increase nitric oxide levels

nitric oxide 

helps relax and dilate arteries and keep them flexible, lowering blood pressure slightly in hypertensive and prehypertension individuals  

dark chocolate

higher concentration of flavonoids than milk chocolate

• white chocolate has none

flavonoids

enhance the activity of special proteins called sterol regulatory element-binding proteins

sterol regulatory element binding proteins

• involved in cholesterol metabolism

• increase a protein called apolipoprotein A1 in the liver which is the major component of good HDL cholesterol

• decrease liver production of apolopoprotein A2, which is the major protein component of bad LDl cholesterol

• fight atherosclerosis in the arteries by decreasing the amount of oxidized LDL

percent of deaths attributed to CVD

28.2%

percentage of sudden deaths related to heart disease

60%

number of people who have heart attack or stroke each year

1.5 million

incidients responsible for most deaths of CVD in the US

coronary heart disease and stroke 

stroke

• most significant contributor to mental and physical disability in the US

• 7 of 11 risk factors are lifestyle-related or manageable

unchangeable factors leading to stroke

• age

• gender

• race

• family history

changeable factors leading to stroke

• tobacco

• blood pressure

• diet

• activity level

• weight

• cholesterol

• diabetes

acronym for warning signs of stroke

FAST

FAST

F - facial dropping

A - arm weakness

S - speech difficulties

T - time

other symptoms of stroke 

headache, confusion, dizziness, difficulty walking, loss of balance or coordination, visual difficulty 

most common form of CVD

coronary heart disease

cancer

second-leading cause of death

• more than 100 types of cancer can develop in the human body

when CHD occurs

when fatty matter, such as cholesterol and triglycerides, build up to form plaque deposits within the arteries that restrict blood flow

warning signs of heart attack

• chest pain

• discomfort

• pressure

• squeezing that lasts for several minutes

• pain in neck, shoulders, or arms between shoulder blades

• shortness of breath, light-headedness

self-assessment coronary heart disease risk factor analysis

• can be done by a newbie

• contains gradation of points with each risk factor

outcomes of physical activity 

i. Increase cardiorespiratory endurance.

ii. Increase and maintain good heart function, sometimes improving certain

electrocardiogram abnormalities.

iii. Improve high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.

iv. Lower blood lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides).

v. Decrease low-grade (hidden) inflammation in the body.

vi. Prevent and help control diabetes.

vii. Decrease and control blood pressure.

viii. Reduce body fat.

ix. Motivate toward smoking cessation.

ix. Alleviate tension and stress.

x. Counteract a personal history of heart disease

cause of sudden cardiac death 

sudden, unexpected loss of heart function 

• the heart’s electrical system does not function properly and suddenly becomes very irregular 

largest cause of natural death in the US 

sudden cardiac death 

diabetes mellitus 

condition in which blood glucose is unable to enter cells 

criteria of diabetes mellitus

• pancreas no longer makes enough insulin

• cells no longer respond to insulin (insulin resistance)

proportion of the population that has diabetes or is predisposed to diabetes

almost half the population

cost of diabetes

413 billlion

risks of diabetes 

• blindness

• kidney failure

• heart disease 

• stroke

• loss of toes, feet, or legs 

two types of diabetes

type 1 and type 2

type 1 diabetes

body doesn’t make enough insulin

• insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

• sometimes called juvenile diabetes because it is found mainly in young people

type 2 diabetes

body can’t use insulin properly

• non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

• cell receptors become insulin-resistant irrespective of whether the pancreas produces sufficient insulin or not 

type 2 diabetes is closely related to…

• overeating 

• obesity 

• lack of physical activity 

improving diabetic profile

• reversal of other CHD risk factors

• selection of low-glycemic foods

managing Type 2 diabetes

• physical activity

• losing weight

• improving nutrition

• lowering CVD risk

exercise and diabetes management 

• regular exercise 

• aerobic exercise 

• both moderate and vigorous-intensity physical activity are associated with increased insulin sensitivity and reduced risk for diabetes 

• strength training 

• exercising regularly  

8-hour fasting blood glucose level greater than _______ mg/dL is the diagnosis of diabetes

125

normal diabetic blood glucose

less than or equal to 100

prediabetes blood glucose level

100-125

diabetes blood glucose level 

greater than 126 

glycemic index

refined and starchy food are high and cause rapid increase in blood sugar

high GI diet

associated with CVD in people with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance 

hemoglobin A1c test

measures the amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin over the last 3 months

normal level of hemoglobin A1c test

below 5.7

hemoglobin A1c test results for people with diabetes

should be kept below 7%

metabolic syndrome

results from chronic rise of pancreatic insulin production in response to glucose intolerance

abnormal conditions of metabolic syndrome

• abnormal obesity

• elevated blood pressure

• high blood glucose

• low HDL cholesterol

• high triglycerides

• increased blood-clotting mechanism

metabolic syndrome increases the risk for…

• CHD 

• infection 

• nerve damage 

• kidney failure 

hypertension

high blood pressure

how blood pressure is measured

milliliters of mercury

how blood pressure is expressed 

• systolic blood pressure 

• diastolic blood pressure 

systolic blood pressure

higher number

diastolic blood pressure

lower number

ideal blood pressure 

120/80 or lower 

proportion of adults that are hypertensive

1/3 of adults

determining true resting blood pressure

• may fluctuate during regular day so a single reading might not be too accurate - need several measurements

stage 1 hypertension 

130/90

increase in hypertension is linked with…

obesity

hypertension has higher incidence in this race

African American

cause of hypertension 

no definite cause 

effective treatment of hypertension

• aerobic exercise

• weight reduction

• low-salt/low-fat and high-potassium/high-calcium diet

• higher protein intake

• flaxseed consumption

• lower alcohol and caffeine intake

• smoking cessation

• stress management

• antihypertensive drugs

most significant factors contributing to hypertension

excessive sodium