APUSH Period 7 Vocab

Alfred Thayer Mahan

U.S. naval officer and strategist, author of The Influence of Sea Power upon History, influencing naval strategy and imperialism.

Queen Liliuokalani

The last monarch of Hawaii, overthrown in 1893 after the U.S. annexed Hawaii.

Pan-American Conference

A series of meetings among Western Hemisphere nations aimed at promoting economic cooperation and diplomatic relations.

Jingoism

Extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive foreign policy.

Cuban Revolt

The rebellion of Cubans against Spanish rule, leading to the Spanish-American War in 1898.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized and often exaggerated news reporting used to influence public opinion.

De Lome letter

A letter by the Spanish ambassador to the U.S. criticizing President McKinley, increasing tensions leading to the Spanish-American War.

Teller Amendment

A U.S. declaration that it would not annex Cuba following its victory in the Spanish-American War.

Platt Amendment

A 1901 law allowing the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and establishing a U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Sphere of influence

A region where a foreign nation has significant cultural, military, or economic influence.

George Dewey

U.S. naval officer who led the defeat of the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino leader who fought against both Spanish and American rule in the Philippines.

Rough Riders

A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War.

Hawaii

An island group annexed by the U.S. in 1898, leading to its eventual statehood in 1959.

Theodore Roosevelt

U.S. President known for progressive reforms, the Panama Canal, and the Roosevelt Corollary.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. policy advocating for equal trading rights in China and preventing European monopolies.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign uprising in China (1899-1901) aimed at expelling foreign influence.

Panama Canal

A canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, completed by the U.S. in 1914.

William Howard Taft

U.S. President (1909-1913) who promoted "Dollar Diplomacy" to increase American influence in Latin America.

Dollar Diplomacy

A policy under President Taft aimed at increasing U.S. economic interests and influence in Latin America and Asia.

Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. could intervene in Latin American countries to maintain order.

Russo-Japanese War

A war between Russia and Japan (1904-1905) that ended with Japan emerging as a major world power.

Puerto Rico

A U.S. territory acquired after the Spanish-American War in 1898.

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. President during World War I, known for his "Fourteen Points" and the creation of the League of Nations.

Moral Diplomacy

Wilson's foreign policy approach focused on supporting countries with democratic governments and moral values.

Pragmatism

A philosophical movement emphasizing practical solutions and results over theoretical ideals, influencing progressive policies.

Ida Tarbell

A muckraking journalist known for exposing Standard Oil's monopolistic practices.

Jacob Riis

A photographer and journalist who exposed the harsh living conditions of the urban poor in the late 19th century.

Muckrakers

Journalists and writers who exposed corruption, inequality, and social injustices during the Progressive Era.

Florence Kelley

Social reformer who worked for labor rights and child welfare, particularly in improving conditions for women and children.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

A deadly factory fire in 1911 that led to major reforms in labor laws and workplace safety.

16th Amendment

Constitutional amendment (1913) that allowed the federal government to collect income taxes.

17th Amendment

Constitutional amendment (1913) that established the direct election of U.S. Senators.

18th Amendment

Constitutional amendment (1919) that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcohol (Prohibition).

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program focused on fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses.

Mann-Elkins Act

A 1910 law that expanded the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroads and telecommunication companies.

The Jungle (Upton Sinclair)

A 1906 novel that exposed the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry and led to food safety reforms.

"Bull Moose" Party

A progressive political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 after a split with the Republican Party.

Booker T. Washington

African American leader who advocated for vocational education and gradual civil rights progress.

W.E.B. Du Bois

African American leader and co-founder of the NAACP, advocating for immediate civil rights and higher education.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to fight racial discrimination.

Alice Paul

Suffragist and women's rights activist who played a key role in the passage of the 19th Amendment.

19th Amendment

Constitutional amendment (1920) that granted women the right to vote.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine in 1915, killing 128 Americans and helping to spark U.S. involvement in World War I.

Preparedness

A policy of increasing military readiness in the years leading up to U.S. involvement in World War I.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret German proposal to Mexico to join the war against the U.S., intercepted by Britain, leading to U.S. entry into WWI.

John J. Pershing

U.S. General who led American forces in World War I.

George Creel

Head of the Committee on Public Information, which sought to influence public opinion during World War I.

Bolsheviks

A revolutionary socialist group led by Lenin, which overthrew the Russian government in 1917 and established a communist regime.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson’s proposal for post-World War I peace, focusing on self-determination, free trade, and the League of Nations.

League of Nations

An international organization formed after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations, though the U.S. never joined.

Henry Cabot Lodge

U.S. Senator who opposed U.S. membership in the League of Nations.

Self-determination

The right of people to determine their own political status and government.

Reparations

Compensation for war damages, especially following World War I, where Germany was required to pay reparations to the Allies.

Mobilization

The process of preparing and organizing military forces for war.

Liberty Bonds

War bonds sold to U.S. citizens during World War I to help finance the war effort.

Spanish Flu

A deadly influenza pandemic that spread worldwide in 1918-1919, killing millions.

Schenck v. United States

A Supreme Court case that upheld the conviction of a man for distributing anti-war leaflets, establishing limits on free speech during wartime.

Selective Service Act

A 1917 law that authorized the U.S. draft during World War I.

The Red Scare (1st)

A period of fear of communism and radical political movements following World War I.

Palmer Raids

A series of government actions aimed at suppressing radical leftist movements during the Red Scare.

Nativism

A policy or belief favoring native-born Americans over immigrants.

Sacco & Vanzetti

Two Italian immigrants who were controversially convicted of murder in 1921 and executed, often seen as victims of nativist sentiment.

The Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban centers in the North between 1916 and 1970.

Fundamentalism

A religious movement emphasizing a literal interpretation of religious texts, often seen in opposition to modernism.

Traditionalism

The adherence to established customs and beliefs, often in opposition to modernity or change.

Henry Ford

Industrialist who revolutionized manufacturing with the assembly line and mass production of automobiles.

Assembly Line Process

A manufacturing method that allows for efficient mass production, popularized by Henry Ford.

Art Deco

A style of visual arts, architecture, and design that emerged in the 1920s, characterized by bold colors, geometric shapes, and streamlined forms.

Charles Lindbergh

The first person to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927.

Modernism

A cultural movement in the early 20th century that embraced new ideas, innovation, and a break with traditional forms in art, literature, and society.

Scopes Trial

A 1925 trial in Tennessee that challenged the legality of teaching evolution in public schools.

"Scarface" Al Capone

Infamous gangster who dominated organized crime in Chicago during the Prohibition era.

Margaret Sanger

Birth control activist who founded the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural, social, and artistic explosion in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York, celebrating African American culture.

"Jazz Age"

A term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald to describe the 1920s, an era characterized by jazz music, flappers, and cultural change.

Marcus Garvey

A leader of the Pan-African movement who advocated for Black nationalism and economic independence.

Warren G. Harding

U.S. President known for his "Return to Normalcy" policy after World War I.

"Return to Normalcy"

Harding’s campaign promise to return America to pre-World War I conditions.

Teapot Dome

A 1920s political scandal involving the leasing of federal oil reserves to private companies.

Calvin Coolidge

U.S. President known for his pro-business policies and belief in limited government intervention.

Herbert Hoover

U.S. President during the early years of the Great Depression, criticized for his response to the crisis.

Alfred E. Smith

Democratic candidate for president in 1928, known for his opposition to Prohibition and advocacy for urban immigrant communities.

Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted throughout the 1930s.

Black Tuesday

The stock market crash of October 29, 1929, marking the beginning of the Great Depression.

Federal Reserve

The central banking system of the U.S., responsible for regulating monetary policy and managing the economy.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

A 1930 tariff that raised import duties and contributed to the worsening of the Great Depression.

Bonus Army/Bonus March

A 1932 protest by World War I veterans demanding early payment of bonuses they had been promised.

RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation)

A government agency created during the Great Depression to provide financial assistance to banks, industries, and states.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

U.S. President during the Great Depression and World War II, known for his New Deal programs.

21st Amendment

Constitutional amendment (1933) that repealed Prohibition.

Three Rs

Roosevelt’s plan for the First New Deal: Relief, Recovery, and Reform.

First New Deal

Roosevelt's initial set of programs aimed at addressing the Great Depression.

Fireside Chats

Roosevelt's radio broadcasts to the American people, offering reassurance and explaining New Deal policies.

New Deal Programs

Various programs introduced by Roosevelt, including AAA, PWA, CCC, TVA, NRA, SEC, FHA, CWA, WPA.

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which protects bank deposits.

Social Security Act

A 1935 law providing retirement benefits, unemployment insurance, and aid to dependent children and the disabled.

Eleanor Roosevelt

First Lady and advocate for civil rights, women's rights, and social justice.

Huey P. Long

Louisiana governor and senator who proposed a "Share-the-Wealth" program during the Great Depression.

Father Charles E. Coughlin

A controversial Catholic priest and radio host who initially supported Roosevelt but later became critical of his policies.