APUSH Period 7 Vocab

Alfred Thayer Mahan - U.S. naval officer and strategist, author of The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which influenced naval strategy and imperialism.

Queen Liliuokalani - The last monarch of Hawaii, overthrown in 1893 after the U.S. annexed Hawaii.

Pan-American Conference - A series of meetings among Western Hemisphere nations aimed at promoting economic cooperation and diplomatic relations.

Jingoism - Extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive foreign policy.

Cuban Revolt - The rebellion of Cubans against Spanish rule, which led to the Spanish-American War in 1898.

Yellow Journalism - Sensationalized and often exaggerated news reporting used to influence public opinion.

De Lome letter - A letter by the Spanish ambassador to the U.S. criticizing President McKinley, which increased tensions leading to the Spanish-American War.

Teller Amendment - A U.S. declaration that it would not annex Cuba following its victory in the Spanish-American War.

Platt Amendment - A 1901 law that allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and established a U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Sphere of influence - A region where a foreign nation has significant cultural, military, or economic influence.

George Dewey - U.S. naval officer who led the defeat of the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.

Emilio Aguinaldo - Filipino leader who fought against both Spanish and American rule in the Philippines.

Rough Riders - A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War.

Hawaii - An island group annexed by the U.S. in 1898, leading to its eventual statehood in 1959.

Theodore Roosevelt - U.S. President known for progressive reforms, the Panama Canal, and foreign policy such as the Roosevelt Corollary.

Open Door Policy - A U.S. policy advocating for equal trading rights in China and preventing European monopolies.

Boxer Rebellion - An anti-foreign uprising in China (1899-1901) aimed at expelling foreign influence.

Panama Canal - A canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, completed by the U.S. in 1914.

William Howard Taft - U.S. President (1909-1913) who promoted "Dollar Diplomacy" to increase American influence in Latin America.

Dollar Diplomacy - A policy under President Taft aimed at increasing U.S. economic interests and influence in Latin America and Asia.

Roosevelt Corollary - An extension of the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. could intervene in Latin American countries to maintain order.

Russo-Japanese War - A war between Russia and Japan (1904-1905) that ended with Japan emerging as a major world power.

Puerto Rico - A U.S. territory acquired after the Spanish-American War in 1898.

Woodrow Wilson - U.S. President during World War I, known for his "Fourteen Points" and the creation of the League of Nations.

Moral Diplomacy - Wilson's foreign policy approach focused on supporting countries with democratic governments and moral values.

Pragmatism - A philosophical movement emphasizing practical solutions and results over theoretical ideals, influencing progressive policies.

Ida Tarbell - A muckraking journalist known for exposing Standard Oil's monopolistic practices.

Jacob Riis - A photographer and journalist who exposed the harsh living conditions of the urban poor in the late 19th century.

Muckrakers - Journalists and writers who exposed corruption, inequality, and social injustices during the Progressive Era.

Florence Kelley - Social reformer who worked for labor rights and child welfare, particularly in improving conditions for women and children.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire - A deadly factory fire in 1911 that led to major reforms in labor laws and workplace safety.

16th Amendment - Constitutional amendment (1913) that allowed the federal government to collect income taxes.

17th Amendment - Constitutional amendment (1913) that established the direct election of U.S. Senators.

18th Amendment - Constitutional amendment (1919) that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcohol (Prohibition).

Square Deal - Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program focused on fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses.

Mann-Elkins Act - A 1910 law that expanded the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroads and telecommunication companies.

The Jungle (Upton Sinclair) - A 1906 novel that exposed the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry and led to food safety reforms.

“Bull Moose” Party - A progressive political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 after a split with the Republican Party.

Booker T. Washington - African American leader who advocated for vocational education and gradual civil rights progress.

W.E.B. Du Bois - African American leader and co-founder of the NAACP, advocating for immediate civil rights and higher education.

NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to fight racial discrimination.

Alice Paul - Suffragist and women's rights activist who played a key role in the passage of the 19th Amendment.

19th Amendment - Constitutional amendment (1920) that granted women the right to vote.

Lusitania - A British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine in 1915, killing 128 Americans and helping to spark U.S. involvement in World War I.

Preparedness - A policy of increasing military readiness in the years leading up to U.S. involvement in World War I.

Zimmerman Telegram - A secret German proposal to Mexico to join the war against the U.S., intercepted by Britain, leading to U.S. entry into WWI.

John J. Pershing - U.S. General who led American forces in World War I.

George Creel - Head of the Committee on Public Information, which sought to influence public opinion during World War I.

Bolsheviks - A revolutionary socialist group led by Lenin, which overthrew the Russian government in 1917 and established a communist regime.

Fourteen Points - Woodrow Wilson’s proposal for post-World War I peace, focusing on self-determination, free trade, and the League of Nations.

League of Nations - An international organization formed after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations (though the U.S. never joined).

Henry Cabot Lodge - U.S. Senator who opposed U.S. membership in the League of Nations.

Self-determination - The right of people to determine their own political status and government.

Reparations - Compensation for war damages, especially following World War I, where Germany was required to pay reparations to the Allies.

Mobilization - The process of preparing and organizing military forces for war.

Liberty Bonds - War bonds sold to U.S. citizens during World War I to help finance the war effort.

Spanish Flu - A deadly influenza pandemic that spread worldwide in 1918-1919, killing millions.

Schenck v. United States - A Supreme Court case that upheld the conviction of a man for distributing anti-war leaflets, establishing limits on free speech during wartime.

Selective Service Act - A 1917 law that authorized the U.S. draft during World War I.

The Red Scare (1st) - A period of fear of communism and radical political movements following World War I.

Palmer Raids - A series of government actions aimed at suppressing radical leftist movements during the Red Scare.

Nativism - A policy or belief favoring native-born Americans over immigrants.

Sacco & Vanzetti - Two Italian immigrants who were controversially convicted of murder in 1921 and executed, often seen as victims of nativist sentiment.

The Great Migration - The movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban centers in the North between 1916 and 1970.

Fundamentalism - A religious movement emphasizing a literal interpretation of religious texts, often seen in opposition to modernism.

Traditionalism - The adherence to established customs and beliefs, often in opposition to modernity or change.

Henry Ford - Industrialist who revolutionized manufacturing with the assembly line and mass production of automobiles.

Assembly Line Process - A manufacturing method that allows for efficient mass production, popularized by Henry Ford.

Art Deco - A style of visual arts, architecture, and design that emerged in the 1920s, characterized by bold colors, geometric shapes, and streamlined forms.

Charles Lindbergh - The first person to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927.

Modernism - A cultural movement in the early 20th century that embraced new ideas, innovation, and a break with traditional forms in art, literature, and society.

Scopes Trial - A 1925 trial in Tennessee that challenged the legality of teaching evolution in public schools.

“Scarface” Al Capone - Infamous gangster who dominated organized crime in Chicago during the Prohibition era.

Margaret Sanger - Birth control activist who founded the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Harlem Renaissance - A cultural, social, and artistic explosion in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York, celebrating African American culture.

“Jazz Age” - A term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald to describe the 1920s, an era characterized by jazz music, flappers, and cultural change.

Marcus Garvey - A leader of the Pan-African movement who advocated for Black nationalism and economic independence.

Warren G. Harding - U.S. President known for his "Return to Normalcy" policy after World War I.

“Return to Normalcy” - Harding’s campaign promise to return America to pre-World War I conditions.

Teapot Dome - A 1920s political scandal involving the leasing of federal oil reserves to private companies.

Calvin Coolidge - U.S. President known for his pro-business policies and belief in limited government intervention.

Herbert Hoover - U.S. President during the early years of the Great Depression, criticized for his response to the crisis.

Alfred E. Smith - Democratic candidate for president in 1928, known for his opposition to Prohibition and his advocacy for urban, immigrant communities.

Great Depression - A severe worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted throughout the 1930s.

Black Tuesday - The stock market crash of October 29, 1929, which marked the beginning of the Great Depression.

Federal Reserve - The central banking system of the U.S., responsible for regulating monetary policy and managing the economy.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff - A 1930 tariff that raised import duties and contributed to the worsening of the Great Depression.

Bonus Army/Bonus March - A 1932 protest by World War I veterans demanding early payment of bonuses they had been promised.

RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation) - A government agency created during the Great Depression to provide financial assistance to banks, industries, and states.

Franklin D. Roosevelt - U.S. President during the Great Depression and World War II, known for his New Deal programs.

21st Amendment - Constitutional amendment (1933) that repealed Prohibition.

Three Rs - Roosevelt’s plan for the First New Deal: Relief, Recovery, and Reform.

First New Deal - Roosevelt's initial set of programs aimed at addressing the Great Depression.

Fireside Chats - Roosevelt's radio broadcasts to the American people, offering reassurance and explaining New Deal policies.

New Deal Programs - Various programs introduced by Roosevelt, including:

AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act

PWA: Public Works Administration

CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps

TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority

NRA: National Recovery Administration

SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission

FHA: Federal Housing Administration

CWA: Civil Works Administration

WPA: Works Progress Administration

FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which protects bank deposits.

Social Security Act - A 1935 law providing retirement benefits, unemployment insurance, and aid to dependent children and the disabled.

Eleanor Roosevelt - First Lady and advocate for civil rights, women's rights, and social justice.

Huey P. Long - Louisiana governor and senator who proposed a "Share-the-Wealth" program during the Great Depression.

Father Charles E. Coughlin - A controversial Catholic priest and radio host who initially supported Roosevelt but later became critical of his policies.

Dr. Francis E. Townsend - A physician who proposed a pension plan for the elderly that influenced the creation of Social Security.

Share-the-Wealth Program - Huey Long's proposal to redistribute wealth and provide economic security to the poor.

Second New Deal - Roosevelt's continuation of New Deal programs, focusing on economic security and social welfare.

Court Reorganization Plan - Roosevelt's controversial attempt to expand the Supreme Court in order to secure New Deal legislation.

Fair Labor Standards Act - A 1938 law that set minimum wage, maximum working hours, and banned child labor.

Dust Bowl - A period of severe dust storms in the Great Plains during the 1930s, exacerbating the Great Depression.

Okies - Migrants from the Dust Bowl states, particularly Oklahoma, who moved west in search of work.

Indian Reorganization Act - A 1934 law aimed at reversing some of the damage caused by the Dawes Act and promoting Native American self-government.

Kellogg-Briand Pact - A 1928 international agreement that renounced war as a means of settling disputes.

Dawes Plan - A plan to ease the reparations burden on Germany after World War I by providing loans to stabilize its economy.

Good Neighbor Policy - Franklin D. Roosevelt's policy aimed at improving relations with Latin American countries.

Fascism - An authoritarian and nationalistic ideology that promotes dictatorial power and the suppression of opposition.

Benito Mussolini - Italian dictator and leader of the Fascist Party, ruling from 1922 until 1943.

Adolf Hitler - German dictator and leader of the Nazi Party, responsible for starting World War II and the Holocaust.

Nazi Party - The far-right political party led by Adolf Hitler, which controlled Germany from 1933-1945.

Isolationism - A foreign policy of avoiding involvement in international conflicts and alliances.

Neutrality Acts - A series of laws passed in the 1930s to prevent the U.S. from becoming involved in foreign wars.

America First Committee - An isolationist group that opposed U.S. involvement in World War II.

Francisco Franco - Spanish dictator who ruled from 1939 until his death in 1975 after winning the Spanish Civil War.

Winston Churchill - British Prime Minister during World War II, known for his leadership and speeches.

Joseph Stalin - Soviet leader during World War II, known for his totalitarian rule and role in defeating Nazi Germany.

Blitzkrieg - A German military tactic of rapid, overwhelming attacks designed to quickly conquer territories.

Cash and Carry - A policy that allowed nations at war to purchase arms from the U.S. as long as they paid cash and transported the goods themselves.

Lend-Lease Act - A 1941 U.S. law that allowed the U.S. to supply military aid to Allied nations during World War II.

Pearl Harbor - A surprise Japanese attack on the U.S. naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, which led to U.S. entry into World War II.

War Production Board (WPB) - U.S. government agency responsible for converting and overseeing the production of war materials during World War II.

Manhattan Project - The secret U.S. project during World War II to develop the atomic bomb.

Office of War Information - A U.S. government agency responsible for propaganda and promoting support for the war effort.

Women’s Army Corps - A branch of the U.S. Army that allowed women to serve in non-combat roles during World War II.

Smith v. Allwright - A 1944 Supreme Court decision that ruled the white primary unconstitutional, allowing African Americans to vote in primary elections.

Tuskegee Airmen - The first group of African American pilots trained by the U.S. military during World War II.

Braceros - Mexican laborers brought to the U.S. during World War II to work on farms and in factories.

Korematsu v. U.S. - A 1944 Supreme Court case that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

“Rosie the Riveter” - A cultural icon representing American women who worked in factories during World War II.

Dwight D. Eisenhower - U.S. General who led the Allied forces in Europe during World War II and later became the 34th President.

D-Day - The Allied invasion of Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944, during World War II.

Battle of Midway - A decisive naval battle in the Pacific during World War II, which shifted the balance of naval power in favor of the U.S.

Island Hopping - A U.S. military strategy during World War II to capture key islands in the Pacific and bypass others.

Kamikaze - Japanese suicide pilots who attacked Allied ships during World War II.

Douglas MacArthur - U.S. General in the Pacific during World War II, later overseeing the occupation of Japan.

J. Robert Oppenheimer - The scientific director of the Manhattan Project, credited with developing the atomic bomb.

Nagasaki & Hiroshima - Japanese cities bombed with atomic bombs by the U.S. in August 1945, leading to Japan’s surrender in World War II.

USS Missouri - The battleship where Japan formally surrendered to the U.S. in 1945, ending World War II.

Harry S. Truman - U.S. President who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt and made the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan.

Casablanca Conference - A 1943 meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill where they agreed on the need for unconditional surrender from Axis powers.

Yalta Conference - A 1945 meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin to plan the post-war world and shape Europe’s future.

The United Nations - An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations.

Atomic weapons - Nuclear bombs developed during World War II that use atomic reactions to release massive amounts of energy, used by the U.S. to end the war in Japan.