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The evolution and diversification of land plants, specifically angiosperms, led to the development of chemical compounds like caffeine and theobromine. These chemicals are transported throughout the plant via xylem and phloem and accumulate in reproductive structures like seeds and flowers, especially in the spring when these structures act as “sinks.” Seeds and flowers are the parts of the plant from which we extract compounds like caffeine and theobromine, which can be harmful to animals. This shows how evolutionary changes in land plants, including the concentration of chemical compounds in sink tissues during the growing season, allow us to extract and be affected by these plant chemicals.

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