History of architecture test

Pannonia architectural behaviour

Defenece focus on Danube frontier

strict Roman grid (Cardo-Decumanus)

clear rectangular stone forts with towers and gates

civil towwns grow beside the camps (vicus, municipium, colonia)

Pannonia building types

Catrum, Castellum, Burgus, Quadriburgium

Public: baths, forum, ampitheatre, granary

Inside forts: principia, barracks, hospital, workshops

Pannonia examples

Aquicum fortress: Roman military engineers

Savaria early christian chambers: Roman provisional engineers

Pannonia Lepence

L: Lepence Burgus is a small 371AD watchtower

E: engineers of roman army built it under valentinian

P: part of the Danube frontier defence line

E: Exact square 18.3mx18.3m

N: no complex rooms, just a single tower

C: clear, simple geometry for border control

E: exterior is plain stone walls, small openings

Romanesque architectural behaviour

rise of stone churches

thick walls, small windows, round apses

monastic influence

early byzantine touches in some chapels

Romanesque building types

Basilicas

Parish churches

Rotundas

Monateries

Romanesque examples

Panohalma abbey: founded by prince geza

Tihany abbey: founded by king andrew I

Veszprem cathedral: kings and bishops

Romanesque öskü

Öskü founded by szalok clan

Ö: Öskü rotunda is an 11th century round church in Hungary

S: simple circular nave

K: Kept with thick stone walls

Ü: upper facade is plain stone walls, small windows, simple romanesque look, with unornamented medieveal structure

Gothic architectural behaviour

arrives via royal court and monasteries

pointed arches, ribbed vaults, tall towers

french and cisterian influence

after tartar invasion many stone castles

Gothic building types

castles,

cathedrals,

parish churches,

royal palace works

Gothic examples

Buda, our lady church by royal workshop

Kassa cathedral by parler workshop

Kolozsar st micheal by Local medieval masons

Gothic our lady church

Buda, our lady church by royal workshop begins in 1270s

B: budas main medieval church grew through the 13th-15th century as royal spiritual center

U: under french influence from lyon and local zsambek masters

D: divided into long naves, side aisles, one tower on the west

A: adopts french gothic pointed arches, rib vaults, simple stone facade with tall tower

Renaissance architectural behaviour

arrives with king matthias and italian masters

symmetry, logias, arcades, classical details

strong palace culture

after 1541 regional variation occurs

Renaissance building types

Royal palaces

villas

chapels

courtyard logia castles

Renaissance examples

Buda royal palace by king matthias and italian masters

Visegrad summer palace by king matthias, italian builders

Bakocz chapel by italian workshop

Renaissance Bakocz

Esztergom st adalbert cathedral by Loannes Florentinus, Andrea Ferrucci

B: built for cardinal bakocz, hungarys first complete renaissance interior

A: arranged around central plan

K: known for red marble walls

O: ordered classical proportions, round arches, clean proportions

C: connected italian models like florenc santo spirito sacristy

Z: zen like facade, smooth stone, simple ornament, elegant door frame

Baroque architectural behaviour

Jesuit led counter reformation architecture

2 tower facade, rich interiors

II Gesu model influences hungarian churches

aristocratic palace building

Baroque building types

Jesuit churches

cathedrals

castles/palaces

urban churches

Baroque examples

Nagy szombat university church by antonio/pietro spazzo

Győr carmelite by Martin Witter

Vac cathedral by Franz anton pilgrim and isidore canevale

Baroque Vác

V: vac cathedral planned by pilgrim built by canevale

Á: all in centrelizing plan, wide nave, strong axis, rome inspired space

C: clean facade: 2 tall towers, smooth walls, classical columns, big central pediment

Neoclassicism and Romanticism architectural behaviour

return to classical order (columns, pediments)

19th century reform era growth

Romanticism: medieval and national themes

large urban public projects

Neoclassicism and Romanticism building types

cathedrals

castles

tenement houses

synagogues

Neoclassicism and Romanticism examples

esztergom cathedral by Kuhnel, packh, hild, lippert

national museum by mihaly pollack

eger cathedral jozsef hild

Neoclassicism and Romanticism national museum

National museum mihaly pollack 1837-44

M: made in the reform era, became national symbol of hungarys identity

U: uses classical front, big step, tall columns, clean symmetry

S: simple rectangular plan

E: elegant facade pediment, collonade, smooth walls

U: unified interior rhythm

M: minimal exterior ornament

Historicism and turn of the century architectural behaviour

revival styles: neo gothic, neo renaissance, neo baroque

influence: vienna, munich, berline, zurich

budapest becomes grand capital during this era

turn of the century, szecesszio/ art nouveau

Historicism and turn of the century building types

palaces,

churches,

Public institutions,

art nouveau museums

Historicism and turn of the century examples

opera house by miklos ybl

parliament by imre steindl

museum of applied arts by ödön lechner

Historicism and turn of the century museum of applied arts

museum by ödön lechner 1893-96

L lechner created it to introduce new national hungarian style

E emerging szecesszio colourful tiles, folk inspired pattern

C curved roof

H hungarian motif

N new national style blending folk inspiration and modern structure

E exterior bright zsolnay ceramics

R recognizable icon of budapests turn of the century architecture

Modernism and socialist realism architectural behaviour

strong modern influence

clear geometric functional modernism

modern sacred architecture simplified forms and modern material

public buildings showing monumental but clean modern character

afetr wwii early socialist realism more classical and rigid in form

Modernism and socialist realism Building types

urban planning projects,

modern churches,

government buildings,

residential building,

industrial and infrastructural

housing estates

Modernism and socialist realism examples

szeged domter, rerrich bela

budapest varosmajori church arkay aladar, arkay bertalan

budaors airport bierbauer virgil and kralik laszlo

Modernism and socialist realism church

varosmajori church 1932-34 arkay alader and arkay bertalan

V varosmajori church hungarys earliest modern church

A arkay alader began arkay bertalan completed

R rectangular volums form the body of the church

O open modern compositions without historic decor

S simple tower besides main hall

M modern sacred architecture clear geometry

A all surfaces clean light and functional

J joined interior spaces create calm modern atmosphere

O orderly proportion gives church modern identity

R recognized landmark of early hunagrian modernism

Late modern and contemporary tendencies architectural behaviour

move from social realism after 1954 debate to modern architecture

focus on function simple forms glass and concrete

industrialized building prefabrication

architects look for freedom new technology modern design

clean geometry efficient buildings no ornament

Late modern and contemporary tendencies building types

housing blocks

offices

hotels

hospitals

factories

airports

reconstrcution of historic street

Late modern and contemporary tendencies examples

chemolimpex office by gulyas zoltan

toth arpad setany apartments by janossy gyorgy

anabella hotel balaton fured by pazmandi margit

Late modern and contemporary tendencies office

chemolimpex office by gulyas zoltan 1963

C clear modern office block

H handeled by gulyas zoltan

E emphasis on function and clean planning

M modern materials concrete frame and glass facade

O ordered rectangular mass with no ornaments

L light horizontal windows dominate

I integrated into 1960 budapest development

M marks shift to post 1954 modernism

P pure box shape

E express industrialzed design ideas

X exterior stays transparent and minimal