Argumentation Lecture Notes

Flashcards from Lecture Notes

What does it mean that argumentation is symbolic?

Argumentation is symbolic.

What is Argumentation?

Argumentation is persuasion that relies on reason, proof, or evidence.

What is Kenneth Burke's terministic screen?

Each term forms a strand in meaning; trying to have others view with certain words.

What are the three functions of terministic screens?

Selects, deflects, and reflects reality.

What does the logical approach to argument entail?

Facts and structure about problem-solving, involves values.

What is the dialectical approach to argument?

Take two opposing ideas and smash them together to see which is stronger, not to argue but to create a solution to a problem.

What are the components of the Rhetorical approach to argument?

Values, field, form follows function and audience.

What does 'Form Follows Function' mean in the context of argumentation?

The design of a message is always tied to the purpose it is trying to achieve.

Peripheral Processing

a shortcut to making a judgement; influenced by how an argument makes them feel on first glance, based on factors other than deliberative elaboration and reasoning.

Central Processing

deeply processing the content of a message, focusing on its logic and the quality of its arguments.

What are the qualities of ethical argumentation?

Clear, honest, efficient, ethical, and relevant.

What are the key functions of argumentation?

Creating social truths, producing knowledge, solving problems rooted in rational causes, regulation of uncertainty, risk confrontation, and frame of reference.

In the first argument stage, what should you do?

Explain and define.

How should you view your audience?

Audience as potential allies.

What is Fordman's concept of 'presence'?

The front burner of the audience's mind.

What is 'field' in the context of argumentation?

Intellectual context argument takes place.

What do all fields have?

Basic of argument, logic, evidence claims, and responsibilities of participant.

What are Independent or invariant elements?

The same in every field, primary colors.

What are Dependent or variant elements?

Type, quality, amount, consistency.

What exist in every field?

Opposition and advocate.

What is artificial presumption?

Everything that confirm beliefs.

What is Assumption?

Conclusion you come to in the moment.

What is God Terms?

Something deserving of sacrifice

What is Devil Terms?

Things incapable of redemption

What is Charismatic Terms?

Like power ups in games; things we add to that increase potency, or what we tink abt

What is Narrative Fidelity

internal consistency; looking for contradictions

What is Narrative Probability

external consistency; matching things with our own criteria

What does presumption do?

Presumption establishes a default position favoring one side in an argument, making it easier for that side to win unless the opposing side provides sufficient evidence to counter it. (Opp has this)

What is in types of prop

Fact, Value and Policy

What is Rebbuttal

indicates conditions where claim is invalid

What are the 6 characteristics of argumentation

1. Inferential Leap - a change in beliefs, leaping to a new one or deepening an existing one; taking what you know with what you think you know to make an inference

2. Perceived rationale - evidence doesn't coincide with where you end up

3. Choice - competing arguments

4. Regulation of uncertainty ; argumentation either ends up certainty or lessens

5. Risk confrontation; willingness to risk confrontation, risk of being proven wrong

6. Frame of reference; communion because things need to be discussed. we all have our own perspectives and experiences that shape our understanding and interpretation of arguments.

Difference between Argument 1 and Argument 2

It is possible to make arguments (argument1) without engaging in disputes or disagreements (argument2). It is not possible to have disputes (argument2) without having people making claims (argument1). Disagreements are a potential consequence of argument1.

Argument 1

Making claims or arguments

Argument 2

Disputes or disagreements

What is backing

additional support

What is Example

specific instance used to represent something larger

What is Statistic

collections of examples expressed numerically

Descriptive Statistics

examines entire population

Inferencial Statistics

sample of population

What is Testimony

takes someone else's word for it

Descriptive Testimony

Eyewitness; ppl telling what they saw, etc

Interpretive Testimony

Passing judgement

What is Inductive Reasoning

takes spec case and applies it to general population

Argument by Analogy

compare 2 things, saying they are similar or notLi

Literal Analogy

Comparison between 2 things from same group

Figurative Analogy

Comparison between 2 things from different groups

What is Test Anology

similiarities numerous significant?

What is Causal correlation

saying 2 things are rolated in time

What is Deductive Reasoning

moves from gen idea to specific

What is major premise

what audience and field believes to be true

What is minor premise

The specific application you need to make

Enthymeme

shape of all deductive arguements

Argument from sign

representative does or does not fit in a category based on criteria

What is Causal Generalization

general cases causing something

Ad Populum

smthing unpopular or popular does not mean its good or bad

What is Ad Hominem

attack person instead

What is Appeal to Tradition

always been that way, keep that way

What is Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

two things occur near each other= correlation

What is Fallacy of composition

parts do not represent whole

What is Fallacy of Division

Whole is not represented by part

Ignorance

Can’t prove me wrong so I’m right

Circular Reasoning

Sound the same

Straw Man

Make a fake opponent and beat it up; misrepresenting opponent to make your argument look better

Major in Minors

Caring more about minor details

Tu quoque

You have done the same so I can’t be wrong

Fallacy of Ambiguity

unclear, purposeful refusal to define terms

Equivocation

when an arguer uses the same term but differently

False Dichotomy

Provide 2 options only

Academic Debate is based on

quality of case and evidence; which is why participants talk as fast as they can

Affirmative

Support resolution; has burden of proof

Negative

Against resolution; has burden of rejoinder (calling out for not truly solving the case) and presumption

Academic Debate set up

1AC
1NC

2AC
2NC

1NR

1AR

2NR

2AR

What is the area of 2NC and 1NR called

negative block

T or F: After 2NC you can introduce new evidence

F

C stands for

Constructive

R stands for

Rebuttal

Anything not challenged

Stands

Rhetorical is based on

cutting cards

2 Approaches to Academic Debate

1. Substantive - challenges the opposition’s solution to problem

2. Procedural - using field against your opponent

4 Types of Academic Debate

1. Traditional

2. Cross-Examination Debate

3. Lincoln-Douglass Debate - inspired by Abe and Stephen Douglas debates over slavery

4. Parliamentary debate : overseas (Europe), solo and your resolution is given 15 min before speech

Prep Time

you can call for it like a time out

Proposition

Resolution

Academic debate talks a lot about

terminology of argumentation

Argumentation in Politics

field loosely defines

Nature of confrontation

who is the audience and who are the agents of change; the difference is scale

Equality

field doesn't define debate time; no equality

Matched components

No sense of matched components like academic debate

No predetermined propostions

Less clear

Role of audience

Argumentation is just one of their tools; if you’re a part of a larger campaign , ask should I debate my opponent

ELM, or Elaboration Likelihood Model

Peripheral processing and central processing

How do you fit your audience into your message

keep answers tied, run as a version of yourself that fits the campaign; argumentation is all a part of it

Argumentation in law; 5 Assumptions

1. Adversarial is best way to resolve things; 1v1, guilty v not, yes v no

2. Jury or citizen juries are best; 12 randoms to represent common will

3. Legal Field is adequate; always on litigate/prosecution. Preponderance of evidence (one side is more likely than the other)

4. Burden of Proof vs. Presumption of Innocence

5. Relationship btw client and attorney

Pretrial

outside jurisdiction/discovery - gathering information

Theory of Case

Turning stars (evidence) into constellations (theory); Making audience see what you do, narrative probability and infidelity takes place

VOIR DIRE

audience is picked, unlike most other fields

Court Case Schedule

1. Opening Statement

2. Examination/Cross Examination, bring out witnesses to question, make case

3. Closing Statement

4. Deliberation

Argument in Business

Anything that is not politics or law is most likely in organizations

Adversarial Model

your adversary may need to be your ally later, emphasis on relationships

subdued in business organization; adversarial argument as a rule nuanced in business and organizations

there will be clashes; divisions competing for the same resources (not always the case)

idea that there’s an opposition is vaguely true in organization and business

have to re-evaluate who the actual adversary is

not really a sense that someone wins and the relationship terminates

Success for Argumentation in Business

success in field are much loosely defined

can meet in the middle unlike other fields

field is only clear if you're paying attention; much of rules are unspoken