Biology FInal

what process should you follow in the event that you have broken glassware in the lab?

Alert everyone, collect small shards of glass

describe the way to read the meniscus when measuring volume in a graduated cylinder

read the measurment at the bottom NOT the edges

define homeostasis

self regulating process by living organisms maintain a stable enviromenr

Scientific Method

1. problem 2. hypothesis 3. collect data 4. conclusion

define control

the group staying the same

define species

group of organisms that can reproduce with one another

define atom

basic unit of matter

list the parts to an atom

protons,neutrons, and electrons

which subatomic particle creates bonds between atoms

electrons

define organic compounds

atoms of diffrent elements that are bonded together

carbohydrates- monomer,polymer, description

mono- monosaccharides poly- polysaccarides desc- Carbohydrates give the body energy.

proteins- monomer,polymer, description

mono- amino acids poly- polypeptides desc- Proteins help build and repair the body.

lipids(fats)- monomer,polymer,desc

mono- glycerol or fatty acids poly- triglycerides desc- store energy and help form cell membranes

nucleic acids

mono- nucleotides desc- stores and transmit genetiv infomation

define catalyst

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up.

define enzyme how does temperature and pH effect enzyme activity

A protein and type of catalyst that speed up chemical reactions extreme temperatures can cause an enzyme to denature

pH of an acid

0-6

pH of a base

8-14

function of chloroplast

The only found in plant cells and used to create sugar

function of mitochondria

produce the cell's energy (ATP) "powerhouse of the cell"

define passive transport

movement of substances across a cell from high-low concentration (no ATP)

define active transpsort

moves large or charged molecules or ions

define endosymbiont hypothesis

mitochondria and chloroplasts are once free living until one bacteria engulfed the other

define prokaryote

no nucleus, single celled organism

define eukaryote

have a nucleus, double sstranded DNA

define mitosis

prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase

centromere

center and holds the two chromatids together

spindle

connect the centromere

photosynthesis word equation

uses energy from the sun to convert O2 and H20 into glucose and oxygen

light dependent reactions

sun absorbed makes high energy electrons

light independent reactions

no light, converts carbon 6CO2 energy from ATP and e- in NADH to make glucosee

converting ATP to ADP to ATP what occurs to the molecule during this process

a phosphate group is added and energy is stored.

three parts to cellular respiration: describe glycosis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport

Glycolysis: Glucose → pyruvate + small ATP

Krebs Cycle: Pyruvate → CO₂ + more ATP

Electron Transport: Makes most ATP + water

what organisms undergo cellular respiration

plants, animals, fungi, and many bacteria—to produce energy from food.

fermentation

Fermentation is making energy without oxygen.

diploid

contains 2 sets of chromosomes =46

haploid

has only one set of chromosomes =23

meiosis

Cell division that makes 4 sex cells with half the chromosomes.

Dominant

shown when one gene is dominant ex: AA or Aa

Recessive

shown when both are recessive ex: aa

define x-linked traits

charecteristics or disorders caused by genes located on the x chromosome passed on from parents to children

define pedigree

a genetic representation of a family tree

Define kerotype what information can I show what information does it not necessarily show

shows Picture of all chromosomes.

Shows: Number, shape, and sex. Doesn't show: Gene details or small mutations.

steps for protein synthesis

DNA-mRNA-tRNA-tRNA-protein

define mutation describe point mutation and inversion

Mutation: A change in DNA.

Point mutation: A single DNA base is changed.

Inversion: A piece of DNA flips and reinserts backward.

convergent evolution

when unrelated species develop similar traits because they live in similar environments.

coevolution

when two species evolve in response to each other over time

homolougus structure

Body parts in different species that have the same structure but may have different functions

adaptation

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.

story of the peppered moth and its two variations light and dark

The peppered moth's light and dark colors show natural selection, as each color survives better depending on whether trees are light or dark.

natural selection stuff involved in Darwin's natural selection process and apply steps to an example

Darwin's Natural Selection: Variation + survival advantage → successful traits passed on.

Example: Dark moths survive on polluted trees, light moths survive on clean trees.

heterotrophs

an organism deriving its natural requirements from complex organic substances

define energy pyrimid

A diagram that shows the amount of energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem, with energy decreasing as you move up.

define food web

A diagram showing how multiple organisms eat and are eaten, connecting all the food chains in an ecosystem.