ap psych intelligence and achievement vocab

intelligence

ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

general intelligence (g)

ability that influences performance in a wide range of intellectual tasks, such as verbal comprehension, fluid reasoning, and processing speed

factor analysis

statistical method used to identify underlying relationships b/w variables by grouping them into a smaller number of factors

fluid intelligence

involves reasoning, ability, memory capacity, and speed of info processing; decreases with age

crystallized intelligence

ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving; increases with age

Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory (CHC)

model of cognitive abilities that classifies cognitive skills into 7 clusters of abilities: Comprehension-Knowledge, Fluid Reasoning, Auditory Processing, Long-Term Retrieval, Stm, Processing Speed, Visual-Spatial Thinking

Multiple Intelligences (Gardner)

Linguistic/verbal, Logical/mathematical, Visual/spatial, Musical, Bodily-kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist, Existentialist

savant syndrome

combo of exceptional abilities in specific domains and significant limitations in other areas of intellectual fxning

grit

personality trait characterized by perseverance and passion for achieving long-term goals; working strenuously to overcome challenges and maintaining effort and interest over time despite failures and adversities

emotional intelligence

capacity to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions in a way that promotes effective communication, empathy, and problem-solving

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

an index of intelligence defined as mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100

mental age

numerical scale unit derived by dividing an individual's results in an intelligence test by the avg score for other people of the same age

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

widely used, individually administered intelligence test that measures cognitive abilities like knowledge, reasoning, and memory, and is used to assess intelligence and diagnose dev deficiencies

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

rates verbal and performance intelligence

Wechsler Intelligence Scale of Children (WISC)

rates verbal and performance intelligence for children

standardization

process of ensuring that a test is administered and scored consistently across all participants

norm

standard or range of values representing the typical performance/behavior of a group/individual

percentile rank

indicates the percentage of individuals in a distribution who scored at or below a specific score/value

normal curve

symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution where most data points cluster around the mean (average)

validity

ability of a test to measure what it has been designed to measure

construct validity

how well a test measures the constructs that it is designed to measure

predictive validity

measure of future performance

content validity

refers to a test having an adequate sample of questions measuring the skills/knowledge it is supposed to measure

reliability

ability of a test to produce consistent and stable scores

Split-half Reliability

method of determining test reliability by dividing the test into 2 parts and checking the agreement of scores on both parts

Test-retest reliability

correlation b/w person's score on 2 separate administrations of a test

Inter-rater reliability

degree to which 2 or more independent observers agree

Intra-rater reliability

degree of agreement among repeated administrations of a diagnostic test performed by a single rater

Stereotype Threat

individual's expectation that negative stereotypes about their member group will adversely influence others' judgments of their performance, and that a poor performance will reflect badly on the member group

Stereotype Lift

individuals who are not the target of a negative stereotype perform better on a task because they are aware that a negative stereotype is being directed towards another group

Flynn Effect

performance on intelligence tests has been rising steadily (about 15 points/generation); suggests environmental factors affect intelligence

cohort

group of ppl who share a common demographic characteristic or experience

achievement test

standardized test intended to measure an individual's current level of skill/knowledge in a subject

Aptitude Test

assessment instrument designed to measure potential for acquiring knowledge/skill; provide a basis for making predictions for an individual's future success, particularly in an educational or occupational situation

fixed mindset

belief that a person's fundamental abilities, intelligence, and talents are innate and unchangeable and cannot be significantly developed through effort or learning

growth mindset

belief that personal characteristics, such as intelligence and abilities, are not fixed but can be developed through effort, learning, and persistence