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All living things are composed of
cells
According to the cell theory, the cell is life’s …
basic unit of structure and function
Cell compartments allow more …
specialization
Important part of organization of unicellular and multicellular organisms
Compartimentilzation
Some parts of living things have many …. which increases
surfuce area
Smaller cells usually have a … surface area-to-volume ratio
higher
Higher SA/V allows cells to exchange materials with their surroundings through … …
exchange surfaces
Increased cell volume …. surface area-to-volume
decreases
Decreased SA/V makes exchange of materials less …
efficient
Small things lose heat at much faster rates than larger organisms because of their .. … .. …
efficient exchange of heat
Examples of prokaryotes: .. and ..
bacteria and archae
prokaryotes are a lot …. and …. than eukaryotes
smaller and simple
Inside of the prokaryote is a substance called …
cytoplasm
Genetic material of prokaryote is one …
continuous circular DNA molecule
Genetic material of prokaryote is found in the …
nucleoid
Most prokaryotes have a cell wall composed of ….
peptidoglycan
Cell walls surrounds a lipid layer called the …
plasma membrane
Prokaryotes have … although they are usually smaller than those of eukaryotes
ribosomes
Some bacteria (prokaryotes) have one or more of …, long projections used to move
flagella
Some prokaryotes, particularly bacteria, have a thick …. around their cell wall
capsule
The thick capsule around some prokaryotes are used for … ..
extra protection
Eukaryotes are more … than prokaryotic cells
complex
examples of eukaryotes are … and ….
fungi and animals
Eukaryotic cells are organized into smaller … called ….
structures, organelles
Prokaryotes do not have any …-… ….
membrane-bound organelles
The only membrane of prokaryotes is the … …
plasma membrane
A eukaryotic cells have may organelles, each of which having its own special …
tasks
The outer envelope of the cell
plasma membrane
The plasma membrane is …..-….
double-layered
The plasma membrane is made up of mostly … and ….
phospholipids and proteins
two layers are forming a hydrophobic sandwich
phospholipid bilayer
Plasma membrane regulates … of ….. in and out of cells
movement of substances
The plasma membrane is …., only some substances can pass through it
semipermeable
Only … …. molecules like O2 and Co2 can pass through the plasma membrane unaided
small hydrophobic
Any large or hydrophilic substances pas through membranes with … …
special tunnels
proteins loosely associated with the lipid bilayer
peripheral proteins
Peripheral proteins are located on …/…. …. of membrane
inner/outer surface
Proteins firmly bound to plasma membrane
Integral proteins
Integral proteins are …, with hydrophilic regions extending out of cell/into cytoplasm, while hydrophobic regions interact with tails of membrane phospholipids
amphipathic
Some integral proteins extend all the way through the membrane
transmembrane proteins
Arrangement of phospholipids and proteins is known as…
fluid-mosaic model
Each layer of the phospholipids is …
flexible
The phospholipid layers are peppered with different … and … …
proteins and carbohydrate chains
Plasma membrane needs many kinds of proteins because a lot of … happen in or on the membrane
activities
Some membrane proteins form junctions between adjacent cells
adhesion proteins
Other proteins like … serve as docking sites for arrivals at cell : these are known as ….
hormones, receptor proteins
Some proteins form pumps that use … to actively transport … across membrane: these are known as ….
ATP, solutes, transport proteins
Other proteins form …. that allow selective passage of certain ions/molecules : these are known as ….
channel, channel proteins
Proteins, like glycoproteins, are exposed on the extracellular surface and play a role in .. … and … … : these are called cell surface markers
cell recognition and adhesion, cell surface markers
Attached to the surface of some proteins are …., found only on outer surface of … …
carbohydrate side chains, plasma membrane
….. molecules are found in phospholipid bilayer because they help stabilize … … in animal cells
cholesterol, membrane fluidity
Usually the largest organelle in the cell
nucleus
The nucleus not only … what goes on in cell, but it is also responsible for the cell’s ability to …
directs, reproduce
The nucleus is the home of …. … (DNA)
hereditary information
DNA is organized into large structures called …
chromosomes
The most visible structure within the nucleus is the …
nucleolus
The nucleolus is where … is made and … are assembled
rRNA, ribosomes
sites of protein synthesis
ribosomes
The job of the ribosome is to … all the … required by cells or secreted by the cell
manufacture, proteins
Ribosomes are … structures composed of two subunits, the .. one and the … one
large, small
The structure of a ribosomeis composed of … and …
rRNA and proteins
Ribosomes can either be found free … in the cell or attached to another structure called the … …
floating, endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is a … … extending into many regions of ….
continuous channel, cytoplasm
The endoplasmic reticulum also provides .. … while aiding in … …
mechanical support, intracellular transport
The region of the ER attached to … and “studded” with …..: known as…
nucleus, ribosomes, rough ER
The rough ER …. the cell
compartmentalizes
Proteins made in the rough ER are sometimes … across … …
trafficked, plasma membrane
Proteins generated in rough ER are used to build .. …, …, or …
golgi bodies, lysosomes, ER
Region of ER not studded with ribosomes
smooth ER
the smooth ER makes …, …., …
lipids, hormones, steroids
The smooth ER breaks down … …
toxic chemicals
The Golgi complex participates in … of proteins
processing
Once the ribosomes on the rough ER completed synthesizing proteins, the Golgi complex … and … the products
modify and sort
The golgi complex is the … and … centers for materials destined to be sent in and out of cells
packaging and distribution
The golgi complex package final products in sacs called …
vesicles
Vesicles carry …. to the …. …
products, plasma membrane
The Golgi complex is also involved in production of …
lysosomes
Mitochondira converts … from …. … into … … for the cell
energy from organic molecules, useful energy
Most common energy molecule on cell
ATP
ATP stands for
adenosine triphosphate
The mitochondria has a … membrane
double
Inner mitochondrial membrane form folds, known as …
cristae
The cristae separates the …. from the … …
matrix, intermembrane space
The outer mitochondrial membrane separates the …. … from the …
intermembrane space, cytoplasm
Most ATP production is done on the …
cristae
Having .. in the membrane increases the .. … for making ATP
folds, surface area
lysosomes carry …. …
digestive enzymes
Lysosomes use their digestive enzymes to break down old worn out …, … or … ….
organelles, debris, large ingested particles
Lysosomes help clear cytoplasm of … …
unwanted flotsam
Lysosomes contain … .. that only function at a … pH
hydrolytic enzymes, acidic
The hydrolytic enzymes of lysosomes are enclosed inside the …. of lysosomes
lumen
Lysosomes are essential during ….
apoptosis
apoptosis is …
programmed cell death
Centrioles are found within …. …. …
microtubule organizing centers
Centrioles are most active during … …
cellular division
When a cell is ready to divide, the centrioles produce ….
microtubules
The cell produces microtubules, which pull … … … and move them to…. ends of the cell
replicated chromosomes apart, opposite
Centrioles are not found in … cells
plant
Vacuoles are …-… …
fluid-filled sacs
Vacuoles store …, …, …, or …..
food, water, waste, or pigments
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