10th grade history unit 3

Otto Von Bismurak- A Prussian statesman

-Unified Germany -believed in wars, not speeches

Blood and Iron speech-A speech made by Otto Von Bismurak emphasizing military strength

-showed his strategy to unify Germany by fighting, not debating.

Realpolitik- a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or idealistic considerations (acting, not sitting around or debating)

-Guided Bismarck's decisions and helped unify Germany.

Prussia- post powerful of the 38 German states.

-Led the effort to unify Germany under Prussian leadership

German unification-When all the different parts of Germany became one

-Created the modern nation of Germany  -Shifted balance of power in Germany

Greek War for Independence- Caused by Greek nationalism and war VS Turks

-Inspired by nationalism -Created an independent Greek state

Massacre in Chios-On the island of Chios

-Increased support for greek independence  -Shocked Europe

Ottoman empire-A large empire based in Turkey that controlled Greece and most of Europe

-Greece fought them and gained independence from this

Role of European states in the Greek war for independence -Britian, Russia and France helped support Greece

-Involvement helped Greece win independence and weaken the Ottoman empire.

Napoleon's Empire- French empire under Napoleon, which conquered most of Europe.

-Spread nationalism -weakened old monarchies

Congress of Vienna-A meeting of European leaders after Napoleon's fall.

-Restoried monarchies -redrew borders -tried maintaining long-term peace

Prince Kianna con Metternich- Austrian leader of the congress of vienne

-Promoted conservatism -opposed nationalism  -shaped post-Napoleonic Europe

Legitimacy- Restoring rightful monarchs to their thrones

-A major goal of the congress of Vienna to stabilize Europe

Balance of Power-Distributing power so no single nation dominates Europe

-Helped maintain peace after Napoleon -Prevented future large scale wars

German confederation-Group of smaller German states (38) uniting to make a larger state

-First step toward German unification under Prussia

Concert of Europe- System where European powers cooperated to maintain peace

-Helped prevent major wars -Surpressed revolutionary movements

Nationalism-loyalty to a nation of people with common culture and history, not to a leader. It is also the pride of being part of a community.

-Drove movements (such as Greek independence and German/Italian unification)

Nation-State- When a nation has an independent government that is recognized by the international community.

-Became the dominant political system

Nation-A large group of people united by a shared identity- often but not always

-Forms the basis for nationalism and national unity

National Myth-a story or belief made up by a country that tells the origin or history about the nation.

-Builds unity and strengthens national pride

Giuseppe Garbaldi- He had an army of Italians who believed in unification (used WAR to unify) 🔪

-He used military force and popular support to unite Italy and chose national unity over personal power.

Giuseppe Mazzini- Created the secret society of Italian young men and showed that fighting was worth something. ❤

-Thought that states on the Italian Peninsula should be unified and did not want a strong monarchy

Young Italy- A society who wanted a democratic republic

-It shaped Italian unification

Camilio di Cavour- He used diplomacy and was able to negotiate and convinced other states to come together 🧠

-He made an agreement with France to start war with Austria

industrialization-A process where society shifts from an agricultural, hand crafted economy to machine based manufacturing, factories, and mass production.

It caused major economic, social, and technological changes. It increased the production of goods efficiently, led to urbanization because people moved to cities for factory work, and encouraged the inventions of railroads, steam engines, and other machines.

Piedmont Sardinia- The kingdom of Sardinia (similar to Prussia) and was the most powerful state.

-They helped achieve unification because of the power they held

Industrial Revolution-An increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources.

It transformed economies by lowering costs and producing more because it was more efficient. It also created the industrial working class (in factories) and changed people's way of living and working.

Urbanization- the growth of cities

It created more social classes, especially the working class, turned cities into major trading centers> It also grew the production of housing, roads, and transportation.

Capitalists-An owner of capital (money, property, production, etc.)

-They invest in it to create more wealth for profit

The new middle class-A new social group that emerged during the revolution which included people who did not own land and earned money through business and industry such as factory owners, merchants, managers, engineers, doctors, lawyers, and bankers.

-It helped move Europe toward a modern industrial society

Flying shuttle-A mechanical device which was used in weaving.

-It was a more efficient and faster way to weave which caused mass production and helped produce clothing faster.

Water frame-A spinning machine that used water power to spin cotton fibers into strong yarn, unlike any other hand operated machines

-Textile production increased and helped the industrial resolution grow by starting the factory system. It also used water power instead of forced labor.

Coal-A fossil fuel that was used as a main source of energy to power machines, factories, and steam engines,

-It provided energy which transformed production, transportation, and the economy which modernized the industry.

Steam engine-A machine that uses steam to produce mechanical power.

-It helped power factories, transport, and grew the population of cities and industry.

Railroad-A system of tracks on which trains run on used to transport people and goods.

-It transformed transport, trade, and cities, which played a big role on the working class and industry in general.

Enclosure acts-Where large landowners bought small farms in England. These large landowners enclosed their private farms with fences and hedges.

-Agriculture and farming techniques were modernized because of the wealthy landowners that built farms on their new land and used new techniques to produce goods. It also caused economic growth (goods being produced increased over time)

Manchester- One of the earliest cities in England

-It turned into the world' biggest textile (clothing) manufacturing city, which used new machines to produce large amounts of clothing at a time. It led to factory production, improved transport and technology, and helped the growth of urban areas.

Natural resources-sources or materials that come from nature (land, forests, minerals, coil, sunlight, rivers, etc.)

-They were an important way to sustain life, provide energy, and is cheap

Class tensions/wealth gap-The growing divide between  the rich industrial owners, and the poor working class. Factory owners had great wealth while workers earned low wages and lived in poor conditions.

-Led to conflict between groups, worker movements, workers began to protect and form unions, and governments were pushed to make laws to protect workers.

Factory Act 1833-It was made to improve the lives of factory workers. It forbade children under the age of 9 from working in factories, and limited the hours of children ages 9-13 to working 9 hours a day.

-First major law created to protect factory workers, reduced child labor, and improved working conditions.

Mines Act-Stated that no women were allowed to work underground, no children under 10 can work underground, and more inspectors of conditions needed underground.

-Protected women and children from dangerous underground work, reduced child labor, improved safety by increasing inspections, and showed the government's involvement in workers well being.

Cholera-Disease caused by the Vibro Cholerae bacteria, It was spread by drinking contaminated water.

-Showed how big of an impact the poor living conditions made on people living in the city, showed the lack of clean water and sanitation, caused many deaths which lowered the amount of factory workers and pushed the government to improve public health systems.

Unions- Protected workers from unnecessary risks using dangerous machines, unhealthy working conditions, and excessive hours of work.

-They were impacted because they made work safer, healthier, and shorter which protected workers from dangerous machines, bad conditions, and long hours.

Public Health Act-Improved health of the working class by improvements to housing, sanitation, and water quality.

-It helped improve living conditions because it provided cleaner water, better sewage systems, proper waste disposal which reduced the spread of disease.