A&P2: CHAPT 19 BLOOD

a. what kind of tissue is blood?

b. it contains a liquid matrix with cells & cell fragments CALLED WHAT?

connective tissue, plasma

• what are the plasma proteins found in the blood:

  • _______: responsible for blood viscosity & osmotic pressure, acts as buffers, transports fatty acids, free bilirubin, and thyroid hormones

  • _______: transports many substances that are involved in immunity

    • ________: protects tissue from inflammation damage, transports thyroid hormones, cortisol, testosterone, and estrogen; transports lipids (HDL), converts iron from 2+ ion to 3+ ion for transport, transports hemoglobin released from damaged RBCs

    • ______: transports iron, lipids (LDL), involved with complement in immunity, coagulation proteins

    • ______: involved in immunity with circulating antibodies (produced by B lymphocytes)

  • ______: blood clotting; serum is plasma without

albumins, globulins, alpha globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen

• Know the ions, nutrients, waste products, gasses, and regulatory substances found plasma.

• _______: involved in osmosis, membrane potentials, and acid-base balance (Na+, K+, H+, CO3) = electrolytes

• ______: glucose, amino acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, vitamins

• ______: urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia salts (breakdown products of protein metabolism) + bilirubin (breakdown of RBCs) + lactic acid (end product of anaerobic respiration)

• ________: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inert nitrogen

• _________: hormones, enzymes

ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, regulatory substances

• Know the formed elements of blood

• ______: what makes up most of the volume (specifically 95%)? (do not abbreviate)

  • specific name?

• _____:

  • specific name?

  • types:

    • _______: cytoplasm that contains large granules + have multi-lobed nuclei (Neutrophils, eosinophils, & basophils

    • ______: has a cytoplasm containing small granules + their nuclei is NOT lobed (lymphocytes, monocytes)

• _____: cell fragments (they can form platelet plugs and release chemicals necessary for blood clotting)

red blood cells, erythrocytes, white blood cells, leukocytes, granulocytes, agranulocytes, platelets

a. what is the process of blood cell formation called?

b. it splits off into myeloid + lymphoid

• myeloid → produces RBCs, platelets, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes

• lymphoid → lymphocytes

hematopoiesis

a. what do kidneys produce in order to make RBCs?

erythropoietin

*what structure is this describing? anuculeate, flexible (so that it can bend/fold- allowing them to pass through small vessels + move w/ blood flow) + contains hemoglobin

no abbreviation

red blood cells

*understand the function to the RBC and how oxygen and carbon dioxide is carried

• erythrocytes transports oxygen from _____ to _____

  • majority of it is attached to the ____ while some if it is dissolved in the _____

• transports carbon dioxide from the ____ to _____

  • ___% dissolved in plasma

  • ___% combines with hemoglobin

  • ___% transported as bicarbonate ions produced as a result

lungs, tissue, hemoglobin, plasma, tissues, lungs, 7, 23, 70

*hemoglobin is a quaternary protein that consists of 4 subunits

• each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide called: _____

• the globin is bound to ____group (a red pigment that contains one iron atom)

*3 types of hemoglobin

• #1: _____ and #2: _____ have greater attraction for oxygen than adult. #2 stops after birth

• #3: _____:

  • ______: iron in hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen; 4 per molecule of hemoglobin; bright red in color

globin, heme, embryonic, fetal hemoglobin, adult hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin

*which has more attraction for oxygen- adult hemoglobin or fetal hemoglobin?

fetal hemoglobin

*how can these poison someone?

• _______: causes the relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels to decrease blood pressure. it’s produced by endothelial cells lining blood vessels

• ____: binds strongly to the iron of hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which causes less oxygen to transport

nitric oxide, carbon monoxide

*RBCS last how many days in circulation and then what happens?

• specific name for what occurs

*hemoglobin is broken down by _____ in the ____ and _____

110-120, rupture, hemolysis, macrophages, spleen, liver

*what is the hormone that stimulates RBC production?

*what organ is it produced by?

*in what situation would it be produced? low or high blood O2 levels?

*what is the condition where there is an inadequate supply of oxygen to the body’s tissues?

erythropoietin, kidneys, low, hypoxia

*when hemoglobin is broken down, the globin part is broken down into its component ____ ____ and are reused by _____

*when the heme groups are broken down, what atoms do they release?

amino acids, cells, iron

Know the relative percentage of WBCs: “Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”

______: 70%

______: 20-40%

______: 2-8%

______: 1-4%

______: 0.5%-1%

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

*understand the characteristics of WBCS

• ________: directed movement (i.e.. : _____)

• _______: cells leave blood stream by becoming thin, elongating and moving either between or through endothelial cells of capillaries

• ______: attraction to and movement toward foreign materials/damaged cells

ameboid movement, amoeba, diapedesis, chemotaxis

*the functions listed are describing…?

To protect the body from invading microorganisms and remove dead cells & debris from the body

no abbreviations

white blood cells

*how long do neutrophils last?

1-2 days

*platelets are formed from ______ that pinch off a _______ in the _____

*when platelets are inactive, they look like ____. in active form, they look ___

*function: they prevent blood loss by the formation of ____ ___

*their surface glycoproteins and protein allow ____ to other molecules such as ____

cell fragments, megakaryocytes, red bone marrow, plates, spiky, platelet plugs, adhesion, collagen

*hemostasis is a fast series of reactions for stoppage of _____ to maintain homeostasis

*3 steps involved:

• Step 1: _____?

  • damage to vessels due to trauma (cut, burn, insect bite, blow) and causes this

  • damaged endothelial cells (simple squamous that line our vessels) secrete _____? platelets secrete ____?

  • these two ^ cause _____ _____ + closes small vessels and slows/stops blood flow to set up the clot
    

• Step 2: _____?

  • #1: _______

    • damaged endothelial cells secrete _____

    • the freely floating platelets encounter the area of vessel rupture with exposed connective tissue- collagenous fibers

    • platelets begin to clump up and become spiky + sticker to bind collagen from damaged vessel

  • #2: _____

    • bound platelets initiate ____ ____ ___ by secreting _____ to bring more platelets to the area

  • #3: _____

    • platelets aggregate (hold hands) when they bind to _____ = platelet plug
      

• Step 3: _____?

  • Reinforces platelet plug with ___ ___ with cells and cell fragments trapped into it

    • it requires many substances liken calcium, platelets, vitamin K, and clotting factors (mostly enzymes made in inactive form in the liver

  • Vitamin K is needed to synthesize four factors

  • In a cascade mechanism, the clotting factors activate one another

  • Coagulation occurs in 3 phases

    • #1 PHASE 1: Initiation occurs 2 ways

      • Extrinsic pathway: triggered by _____

        • damaged tissues release _____ (factor ___)

        • when Ca2+ is present, it forms complex with factor VII, which activates factor (?)

      • Intrinsic pathway: begins in the ____ and is triggered by internal damage to the wall of the vessel

        • in damaged blood vessels, factor XII comes in contact with exposed collagen, which activates factor XII

        • stimulates factor XI, activates factor IX

        • activated factor IX joins with factor viii, platelet phospholipids + Ca2+ activate factor X

    • #2 PHASE 2: Pathway to Thrombin

      • once factor X is activated, the enzyme _____ converts _____ (factor 2) to active enzyme _____

    • #3: PHASE 3: Common pathway to the fibrin mesh

      • thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen (Factor I) to fibrin

      • _____ ____ form structural basis of clot

      • it causes plasma to become a gel-like trap that catches formed elements

      • thrombin (along w/ Ca2+ activates XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor which cross links fibrin)

bleeding, vascular spasm, endothelin, thromboxane, vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, platelet adhesion, von Willebrand factor, Activation of Platelets, platelet release reaction, thromboxane, aggregation of platelets, fibrinogen, coagulation, fibrin threads, trauma, tissue factor, 3, X, bloodstream, prothrombinase, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrin strands

a. what do endothelin + thromboxane both cause?

b. what does this describe? Glycoprotein that plays a role in blood clotting; helping platelets adhere to damaged blood vessel wall and stabilize clot formation

vascular constriction, von Willebrand factor

a. where are most of the clotting factors made at (what organ)

b. what vitamin is needed for making four of the factors?

liver, vitamin K

• Factor X converts ______ to _______, _______ converts _______ to ______ > _______ makes the _____

prothrombin, thrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin, fibrin, clot

**Know the anticoagulants produced by the body and given as treatment

• ____: produced by the liver + slowly inactivates thrombin

• ____: produced by basophils + endothelial cells. works well with antithrombin

• ____: prostaglandin derivate from endothelial cells. causes vasodilation and inhibits release of coagulating factors from platelets

antithrombin, heparin, prostacyclin

• _____: when actin & myosin in platelets contract within 30-60 mins > contraction pulls on fibrin strands which squeezes the serum from clot (serum=plasma without clotting proteins)> the contraction draws ruptured blood vessel edges together > the vessel starts healing even as clot retraction occurs > PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR (PDGF) is released by platelets and stimulates division of smooth muscle cels & fibroblasts

• ____: plasma causes fibrinolysis or breaks fibrin + clot dissolved within a few days after clot formation

clot retraction, clot dissolution

• _____: overabundance of RBCs due to decrease in blood volume = causing dehydration, diuretics, & burns

  • _____: stem cell defect of unknown cause=overproduction of RBCs

  • ____: overabundance of RBCs due to low O2= high altitudes, COPD, congestive heart failure

• ___: deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin in the blood

  • _______: not enough iron for hemoglobin

  • _____: severe blood loss due to injury

  • _____: RBCs rupture, due to genetics, snake veno. certain drugs, malaria, or autoimmune disease

• _____: reduction in the number of platelets that lead to chronic bleeding through the small vessels and capillaries/ leukemia, lymphoma, autoimmune disorder

  • caused by genetics, autoimmune disease, infections, and decreased platelet production that results form pericious anemia, drug therapy, radiation therapy, or leukemia

clotting disorders

• ____: bleeding disorder due to platelets not forming plug

• _____: bleeding disorder that is due to an inability to form a fibrin clot; typically caused by genetic disorder with faulty factor VIII

erythrocytosis, primary erythrocytosis, secondary erythrocytosis, anemia, iron-deficiency anemia, hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, von willebrand disease, hemophilia

a. Be able to describe ABO blood grouping. Know the antigens and antibodies that each blood type. (just read)

-   ABO blood groups are designed based on the presence or absence of 2 antigens – A & B (both glycoproteins

o   People w/ A antigen on the erythrocyte – Type A (has anti-B antibodies)

o   People w/ B antigen on the erythrocyte – Type B (has anti-A antibodies)

o   People with A and B antigen on the erythrocyte – AB (lack both antibodies)

o   People with no antigen on the erythrocyte – Type O (universal donor) (has both antibodies)

b. what is the universal donor? type…

• what reactions can they cause?

• because of..

O, transfusion, antibodies

a. _____: have these antigens present on the surface of RBCs

b. _____: do not have these antigens present

c. during hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN),

• the mother is _____

• the fetus is ____

d. what injection is given that contains antibodies against any Rh antigens so that antibodies attach to any fetal RBCs and are destroyed?

Rh-positive, Rh-negative, Rh-negative, Rh-positive, RhoGAM

a. ____: determines ABO and Rh blood types (RBCs tested against antibodies)

b: _____: donor blood cells mixed with recipient’s serum and vice versa; look for agglutination

blood typing, crossmatch

a. complete blood count

• ______: numbers of RBCs/microliter of blood

• _____: grams of hemoglobin/100mL of blood

• ______: percent of blood that is RBCs, look for normocytes, microcytes, and macrocytes

red blood count, hemoglobin measurement, hematocrit measurement

*how do you replace blood volume immediately to prevent shock?

saline

*chapter questions

• what is the normal pH of the blood? (provide specific range that was given)

• name the three main plasma proteins in order of significance

• which of the plasma proteins is involved with blood clotting?

• which of the plasma proteins maintain the homeostatic viscosity and osmotic pressure of the blood?

• which of the plasma proteins protects from inflammation damage and transports good cholesterol HDL?

• which of the plasma proteins is involved in immunity with circulating antibodies?

• which of the following plasma proteins transports iron and bad cholesterol LDL?

7.35-7.45, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, fibrinogen, albumin, alpha globulin, gamma globulin, beta globulin

*Chapter questions

• what cell line during hematopoiesis forms macrophages?

• most of the oxygen carried by the blood is ….

• most of the carbon dioxide carried by the blood is…

• how does carbon monoxide kill you? it binds to the ____ of ____ to form _____

• which portion of the hemoglobin molecule is protein? which is iron?

• which of the blood cells lacks a nucleus at maturity?

• what is the trigger for the kidneys to release erythropoietin?

myeloid, hemoglobin, bicarbonate ion, iron, hemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, globin, heme, red blood cells, low blood O2 levels

*which of the white blood cells has the middle presence (percentage in the blood)?

*name the WBC that that has a main role in phagocytosis + has pink granules

*name the WBC that plays a main role in inflammation + allergies

*name the WBC that has a main role in phagocytosis + being the antigen presenting cell

• what do they become?

monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages