Language and Speech Development Exam 2

What correlation was noted regarding phonological disorders since the 60s and 70s?

An increase in phonological disorders was noted alongside increased drug, alcohol, and smoking use among pregnant women.

What is the effectiveness of traditional therapy for phonological disorders?

Traditional therapy has proven non-effective for phonological disorders, being more effective for articulation disorders.

What is the cycles phonological remediation approach?

It is an effective method for children with highly unintelligible speech, focusing on deficient patterns over a cycle period.

How long is each phoneme targeted in the cycles phonological remediation approach?

Each phoneme is targeted for approximately 60 minutes.

What is the definition of language?

Language is a code system or a system of symbols used to express concepts.

What does speech refer to?

Speech refers to the production of language through sound formulation and articulation.

What are speech sound disorders?

Problems in producing the sounds of a language.

What distinguishes articulation errors from phonological disorders?

Articulation errors involve trouble producing only a few sounds, while phonological disorders affect broader sound production.

What is phonology?

the scientific study of sound systems and patterns used to create sounds and words in a language.

What is phonological processing?

It involves the ability to mentally manipulate phonological aspects of language, including rhyming and syllabication.

What are phonological processes?

They study a child's acquisition of sound patterns, where errors are seen as simplifications of adult articulation.

What does 'place' refer to in speech sound production?

refers to the location in the mouth where a sound is produced, typically a consonant.

What are bilabials?

sounds made with the lips, such as /p, b, m, w/.

What are fricatives?

noisy sounds caused by turbulent airflow through a narrow constriction, such as /f, v, s, z/.

What are nasals in speech sound production?

sounds where airflow goes through the nasal cavity, such as /m, n, ng/.

What are stops in speech sound production?

involve complete closure of the vocal tract, preventing airflow until released, such as /p, b, t, d/.

What is the order of sound acquisition in children?

Vowels are acquired before consonants, with nasals being the earliest consonants acquired.

What is vocalization in phonological processes?

Vocalization is when vowels are substituted for consonants, e.g., 'noodoo' for 'noodle'.

What is gliding in phonological processes?

Gliding occurs when liquids are produced as glides, e.g., 'wamp' for 'lamp'.

What is stopping in phonological processes?

Stopping is when a fricative or affricate is replaced by a stop, e.g., 'tu' for 'shoe'.

What is depalatization in phonological processes?

Depalatization occurs when a palatal affricate is substituted by an alveolar affricate, e.g., 'wats' for 'watch'.

What is affrication in speech sound disorders?

When an affricate is produced in place of a fricative or stop, e.g., 'chun for sun' or 'chute for boot'.

Define deaffrication.

The replacement of an affricate with a fricative, e.g., 'seez for cheese'.

What does backing refer to in speech production?

When a posterior consonant is produced by an anterior consonant, e.g., 'boak for boat' or 'gan for dan'.

What is glottal replacement?

The production of a glottal stop in place of another consonant.

What is reduplication in speech sound disorders?

Repeating a pattern, such as 'wawa for water'.

Explain regressive assimilation.

When a later occurring sound affects an earlier sound, bringing that sound forward, e.g., 'guck for duck'.

What is progressive assimilation?

When an earlier occurring sound affects a later occurring sound, e.g., 'kik for kiss'.

Define voicing assimilation.

Occurs when 'devoicing' happens, producing 'pik for pig', or 'voicing', producing 'bad for pad'.

What is weakened syllable deletion?

The omission of unstressed syllables, e.g., 'efant for elephant'.

What does final consonant deletion entail?

The last consonant is deleted from a word, e.g., 'be for bed' or 'ca for cat'.

What is epenthesis?

The insertion of a 'schwa' vowel between consonants or in a cluster, e.g., 'tu-ri for tree'.

Define cluster reduction.

The deletion of consonants in a cluster, e.g., 'seed for speed' or '**** for spoon'.

What does addition refer to in speech sound disorders?

When sounds are added into a word, e.g., 'eggy for egg'.

What is metathesis in speech production?

The production of sounds in a reversed order, e.g., 'peek for keep' or 'pasghetti for spaghetti'.

What are the main categories of phonological deviations?

Omissions, substitutions, metathesis, reduplication, and assimilations.

What is the purpose of a case history in speech evaluation?

To gather information regarding the patient, medical history, and pertinent problems.

What does an oral motor evaluation assess?

All oral motor structures including lips, tongue, teeth, and palate, noting any deviations.

What is the significance of a hearing screening in speech evaluation?

If failed, it leads to a referral for a full audiological work-up.

What is assessed during a conversational/connected speech sample?

Sounds deviations, patterns, length of utterances, and other pertinent information.

What is stimulability testing?

An assessment to determine if the patient is stimulable for the error sounds during testing.

What does the Van Riper therapy model focus on?

Auditory discrimination, phonetic placement, and drill-like repetition from isolation to conversation.

What is the McDonald's Sensory Motor Approach?

It uses syllables rather than isolated sounds, believing syllables are the unit of speech production.

What is the goal of the Distinctive Features Approach?

To identify and assess groups of sounds produced incorrectly, teaching 1 or 2 to generalize corrections.

What does the Cycles Approach target?

Phonological patterns during specific periods, using auditory stimulation and consistent practice.

What is pragmatics?

The study of how people use language in social situations, including both verbal and nonverbal communication.

What are pragmatic skills?

Using language for different purposes, adapting language based on the situation, and following conversational rules.

How do children learn pragmatic skills?

Children learn pragmatic skills via observation, developing alongside general language skills.

What challenges do children with pragmatic language impairments face?

They may struggle with verbal and nonverbal communication, understanding others' communications, and social development.

What are signs of pragmatic language problems in children?

1. Not responding to their name by 12 months. 2. Not using pointing or diectic gestures by 18 months. 3. Not using single words by 2 years. 4. Not using 2-word phrases by 3 years. 5. Not having conversations by 4 years.

How can parents facilitate pragmatic language skills at home?

1. Engage in play activities. 2. Play games to encourage turn-taking. 3. Participate in group activities. 4. Create stories together. 5. Practice music with instruments.

What is the role of social competence in pragmatics?

It involves observing, interpreting, and responding to social cues, and evaluating responses when necessary.

What is 'Theory of Mind' in relation to pragmatics?

The ability to predict the behavior of others and participate in social interactions, typically developing by preschool age.

What is joint attention in infants?

The ability to follow another's gaze or gesture, initiating interactions through eye contact and gestures.

How does temperament affect pragmatic language development?

Temperament influences how children express feelings and engage in play, impacting their social interactions and communication skills.

What are the six primary universal emotions?

Happy, sad, mad/angry, afraid, surprised, and disgusted.

At what age should children begin to understand basic emotions?

By age 3-4 years, children should have developed basic emotions like happy, sad, afraid, and angry.

What emotional understanding should children have by age 5?

They should understand emotions and memory, identify external causes of emotions, and recognize facial expressions related to emotions.

What is the significance of understanding multiple emotions by age 9?

Children should recognize that they can experience multiple emotions simultaneously and associate negative feelings with immoral actions.

What neurological factors can affect social-emotional aspects of pragmatics?

Factors include infections (like COVID), traumas (such as traumatic brain injury), degenerative diseases, and developmental disabilities.

What are common social communication challenges in children?

Decreased communication skills, poor greetings, social awkwardness, difficulty exchanging information, and inability to change contexts.

What difficulties do children with social communication disorders face in conversations?

Poor turn-taking skills, storytelling abilities, appropriate use of gestures, and rephrasing misunderstood utterances.

What are some cognitive challenges faced by children with social communication disorders?

Difficulty understanding ambiguous meanings, idioms, humor, and multiple meanings of words.

What is Autism?

A developmental disability affecting communication, learning, interaction, and behavior, characterized by problems with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

What are some common characteristics of Autism?

Difficulty interpreting social rules, body language, avoiding eye contact, and a wide spectrum of severity.

What are potential causes of Autism?

Multiple factors including genetic, environmental influences, advanced parental age, and exposure to drugs or chemicals.

What is Asperger's syndrome?

A condition on the autism spectrum characterized by difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication, without significant delays in language development.

What is ADHD?

A chronic attention and hyperactivity disorder affecting behavior, characterized by inattention and impulsivity.

What are the effects of visual impairments on communication?

Difficulty receiving non-verbal cues, leading to language comprehension impairments and complications in social interactions.

How can hearing loss affect a child's communication skills?

Inability to access a language model, leading to language delays, problems with joint attention, and difficulties in social skills.

What is the role of cochlear implants in helping children with hearing loss?

They provide access to sound, which can improve language acquisition and social interaction skills.

What are the early pragmatic development milestones for infants?

Smiling, cooing, different cries for different situations, turning to sound sources, and trying to follow commands.

What pragmatic skills should a child demonstrate by ages 3 to 4?

Performing requests, answering yes/no questions, engaging in role play, and understanding speech acts.

What are key pragmatic skills for children aged 4 to 5 years?

Maintaining topics during conversations, inviting others to play, and discussing stories in sequence.

What should children aged 5 to 6 years understand in terms of social interactions?

Understanding humor, expressing empathy, and using polite phrases like 'thank you' and 'I'm sorry.'

What nonverbal skills should children aged 7 to 8 years develop?

Using nonverbal cues appropriately, turn-taking in conversations, and understanding others' perspectives.

What are some assessment areas for social emotional and pragmatic skills?

Ability to respond to greetings, initiate conversations, and take conversational turns.

What is the focus of therapy for pragmatic language disorders in children?

To improve social communication skills and the appropriate use of language in social situations.

At what age can therapy for pragmatic language disorders begin?

As early as 12 to 18 months if there are concerns regarding communication skills.

What skills are targeted in therapy for infants and toddlers (0-3 years)?

Understanding tone, facial expressions, using gestures to communicate needs, and developing symbolic gestures.

What is the significance of gestures in language development for toddlers?

Gestures help shape vocabulary and drive interest in learning.

What are some key gestures that infants learn by 9-16 months?

Taking objects, waving, pointing, clapping, and using symbolic gestures like 'high five' or 'peace sign'.

What therapeutic techniques are used for preschoolers to improve social communication?

Structured play, group activities, parent involvement, and modeling appropriate language use.

What is the role of turn-taking in pragmatic therapy for preschoolers?

It teaches children when to speak and when to listen in conversations and play.

How does pragmatic therapy for elementary-aged children differ from preschool therapy?

It focuses on using language effectively in social situations, understanding non-verbal cues, and conversational skills.

What are some methods used in pragmatic therapy for adolescents?

Direct instruction, social skills groups, visual supports, and tech-based interventions.

What is the importance of parental involvement in pragmatic therapy?

It enhances the effectiveness of therapy by providing support and reinforcement at home.

What types of assessments are used to evaluate pragmatic language skills?

Language Development Inventory, Parent Questionnaire, and Assessment of Pragmatic Skills.

What is the purpose of using role-playing in pragmatic therapy?

To practice social skills and understand social norms in a controlled environment.

What are some examples of social cues that children learn to recognize in therapy?

Body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice.

What is the significance of understanding figurative language in pragmatic therapy?

It helps children grasp social interactions involving sarcasm, idioms, and humor.

What are generalization activities in pragmatic therapy?

Activities that help children apply learned skills in real-life situations.

What is the role of visual supports in adolescent pragmatic therapy?

They help patients remember and follow important communication routines.

What is the purpose of structured play in pragmatic therapy?

To teach cooperation, turn-taking, and social interaction skills through engaging activities.

What is the Rossetti Infant Toddler Language Scale used for?

To assess language development in infants and toddlers.

What does the CELF preschool assessment evaluate?

It evaluates language fundamentals in preschool-aged children.

What is the TOPL-2 assessment used for?

To assess pragmatic language skills in children.

What are some common goals of pragmatic therapy for children?

Improving conversational skills, understanding social norms, and repairing communication breakdowns.

How does interactive play therapy benefit children?

It encourages verbalizations and interactions in a fun, engaging way.

What is the importance of maintaining topic during conversations?

It helps facilitate effective communication and keeps discussions relevant.