PCOG - Gum, Mucilages, and Plant Extractives

• intercellular cementing material

• obtained from the dilute acid extract of the inner portion of the rindof citrus fruits or pomace

Pectin

Pectin sources (8)

1. Pomelo

2. Orange

3. Dalanghita

4. Ponkan

5. Kalamansi

6. Grapefruit

7. Lemon

8. Apple pomace

Scientific Name of Pomelo

Citrus grandis

Scientific Name of Orange

Citrus aurantium

Scientific Name of Dalanghita

Citrus nobilis

Scientific Name of Ponkan

Citrus sinensis

Scientific Name of Kalamansi

Citrus microcarpa

Scientific Name of Grapefruit

Citrus paradisi

Scientific Name of Lemon

Citrus limon

Scientific Name of Apple pomace

Pyrus malus

What plant extractives?
• used before as an anti-diarrheal

Kaopectate© (Kaolin + Pectin)

What type of pectin?
Pure pectin

PHARMACEUTIC PECTIN

What type of pectin?
Contains added substances like sugars or organic acids

COMMERCIAL PECTIN

What is a pathological product in injured plant?

Gums

What is a physiological product of plant?

Mucilage

Gums and Mucilages are natural plant ____ that maybe classified as ___or ___

hydrocolloids
anionic or non-ionic

Gums and Mucilages appears as ___and ___

transluscent and amorphous

Gums and Mucilages, upon hydrolysis, they yield____.

arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose and other uronic acid derivatives

General uses of Gums and Mucilages:

Ingredient in dental and other adhesives

Bulk laxatives

Pharmaceutic necessity

Plant Exudates examples/common names (4)

Karaya/Sterculia gum

Ghatti/Indian gum

Acacia/Gum arabic/ Egyptian gum

Tragacanth

Source of Karaya

Sterculia urens

Source of Ghatti/Indian gum

Anogeissus latifolia

Source of Acacia/Gum Arabic/Egyptian gum

Acacia senegal

Source of Tragacanth

Astragalus gummifer

Active constituent of Karaya/Sterculia gum?

D-galacturonic acid, D-glucuronic acid

Active constituent of Acacia/Gum Arabic/Egyptian gum ?

Arabin

Active constituent of Tragacanth?

66% Bassorin (swells)
34% Tragacanthin (non-gelling,thickener)

What are the uses of Karaya gum/ Sterculia gum

Laxative, suspending agent

What are the uses of Ghatti/ Indian gum?

Substitute for: Acacia and Tragacanth

What are the uses of Acacia/Gum Arabic/Egyptian gum?

Suspending agent 35-38%

Stable below 60% alcohol, contains 12-15% water

What are the uses of Tragacanth?

Suspending agent at 5-6%

emulsifier

What is the best mucilage due to its resistance to acid hydrolysis?

Tragacanth

Odor of Sterculia urens?

Fetid

What is the best tragacanth and preferred grade?

Ribbons and flakes

3 type of tragacanths

Vermiform

Tragacanth sorts

Ribbon and flakes

What type of tragacanth?

• Natural injuries
  

Vermiform and Tragacanth sorts

What type of tragacanth?

• Yellow-brown

Vermiform and Tragacanth sorts

What type of tragacanth?

• Worm-like shape, twisted into coils

Vermiform

What type of tragacanth?

• Irregular, tear-shaped

Tragacanth sorts

What type of tragacanth?

• Man-made, transverse incision of main stems or branches
  

Ribbons and flakes

What type of tragacanth?

• Clear

Ribbons and flakes

Marine Gums examples/common names (4)

Algin/Sodium alginate
Agar/Japanese isinglas
Carageenan/Chondrus/Irish moss
Danish agar/ Furcellaran

Source/s of Algin or Sodium Alginate

Macricystis pyrifera

Source/s of Agar or Japanese isinglas

Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides

Source/s of Carageenan or Irish moss

Chondrus crispus, Gigartina mamillosa

Source/s of Danish agar

Furcellaria fastigiata

Active constituent of Algin/Sodium alginate

D-mannuronic acid

Active constituent of Agar/ Japanese isinglas

Agarose
Agaropectin

Agarose or agaropectin?
free or low sulfate content

Agarose

Agarose or agaropectin?
high sulfate content

Agaropectin

Active constituent of Carageenan/Chondrus/Irish moss

Kappa & iota - gelating

Lambda - non gelling, thickener

Which Carageenan form?
gelating

Kappa & iota (κ and ι )

Which Carageenan form?
non-gelling, thickener

Lambda (λ)

Active constituent of Danish agar/ Furcellaran

Similar to κ-carageenan (Kappa)

Uses of Algin/Sodium alginate?

Suspending agent, Tablet binder

Uses of Agar/ Japanes isinglas?

Laxative, Tablet diluent, solidifying agent in culture media

Uses of Carageenan/ Chondrus/ Irish moss

Demulcent, Bulk laxative

Uses of Danish agar/ Furcellaran

Suspending agent

Seed Gums examples/common names (4)

• Plantago seed/ Psyllium/ Plantain seed

• Cydonium/Quince seed

• Guar gum/Guaran

• Locust bean gum/ Carob pulp/ St. John’s bread

Source of Plantago seed/ Psyllium/ Plantain seed (SPANISH)

Plantago psyllium

Source of Plantago seed/ Psyllium/ Plantain seed (INDIAN)

Plantago ovata

Source of Quince seed

Cydonia vulgaris

Source of Guar gum/Guaran

Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

Source of Locust bean gum/ Carob pulp/ St. John’s bread

Ceratonia siliqua

Active constituent of Guar gum/Guaran

Galactomannan

Active constituent of Locust bean/Carob pulp/St. John’s bread

Galactomannan

Uses of Plantago seed/Psyllium/Plantain seed

Ripe seed coat is used as bulk-forming laxative

MOA of Plantago seed/Psyllium/Plantain seed

gum in the seed swells

Uses of Cydonium/Quince seed

Thixotropic hydrocolloid in lotions

Uses of Guar gum/Guaran

Bulk laxative, Thickener, disintegrant

Uses of Locust bean/Carob pulp/St. John’s bread

Thickener

Microbial gums plants

• Xanthan gum

• Dextran gum

Microbe employed for Xanthan gum

Xanthomonas campestris

Microbe employed for Dextran gum

Leuconostoc mesenteroides

Which Microbial gum?
High MW gum from the action of X. campestris on a suitable carbohydrate

Xanthan gum

Which Microbial gum?
Pseudoplastic/ Shear- thinning flow – allows toothpastes and ointments to hold shape and spread readily

Xanthan gum

Which Microbial gum?
Plasma expander

Dextran gum