LE 2 REVIEWER

Harnessed Energy

Potential for transformation into work.

Energy Definitions

Types and sources of energy.

Potential Energy

Stored energy, such as energy based on height.

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion.

Sources of Energy

Categorized as natural (renewable) and human-made (fossil fuels).

Philippine Energy Landscape

Current energy status and trends in the Philippines.

Gravitational Potential Energy

Calculated as P.E. = mgh, where m = mass, g = gravity, h = height.

Electrostatic Potential Energy

Calculated as P.E. = -Ze²/r, where Z = charge and r = distance.

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds, released during reactions.

Laws of Chemical Combination

Conservation of matter, definite composition, multiple proportions.

Chemical Formulas

Representation using symbols and subscripts for atom counts.

Avogadro’s Number

6.02 x 10²³ particles equals 12 grams of carbon.

Stoichiometry

Calculations for reactants and products using balanced equations.

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy transformation is the only transformation allowed.

Units of Energy

Measured in Joules, where 1 calorie = 4.189 J.

Renewable Energy Sources

Includes sources such as solar and wind energy.

Non-Renewable Energy Sources

Includes fossil fuels and nuclear energy.

Cultural References in Medicine

Examines ancient and modern perceptions of treatment methods.

Doctrine of Similitudes

Natural substances similar to human organs can treat corresponding ailments.

Aphrodisiacs

Substances believed to increase sexual desire.

Mandrake Root

Resembles the human body and has cultural significance in medicine.

St. John's Wort

Plant known for healing properties, notably used for burns and cuts.

Theriac

A historical cure-all with over 100 ingredients.

Sambong (Blumea balsamifera)

Effective in treating urolithiasis according to 1991 clinical trials.

Lagundi (Vitex negundo)

Confirmed remedy for coughs as of 1992.

Paul Ehrlich

19th-century scientist known for disease-specific chemical compound treatments.

Salvarsan

Arsenic-based compound developed to treat syphilis.

VSEPR Theory

Describes how electron pairs determine molecular shape by minimizing repulsion.

Linear Geometry

Formed by 2 electron groups with an angle of 180°.

Trigonal Planar Geometry

Formed by 3 electron groups with an angle of 120°.

Tetrahedral Geometry

Formed by 4 electron groups with an angle of 109.5°.

Polarity of Molecules

Determined by bond polarity and molecular orientation.

London Dispersion Forces

Intermolecular forces present in non-polar molecules.

Dipole-Dipole Interactions

Attractive forces between polar molecules.

Hydrogen Bonding

Strong intermolecular force occurring when hydrogen bonds with F, N, or O.

Cohesive Forces

Intermolecular forces that attract molecules of the same substance.

Adhesive Forces

Intermolecular forces that attract molecules of different substances.

Primary Metabolites

Compounds necessary for growth and development in organisms.

Secondary Metabolites

Compounds not directly involved in normal growth but play a role in plant defense.

Isolation Methods

Techniques such as distillation, extraction, and chromatography to purify compounds.

Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus)

Plant whose leaf extract is used to treat leukemia.

Cinchona Tree

Source of quinine, a treatment for malaria.

Willow Tree

Source of salicylic acid, which leads to aspirin.

Penicillin

First antibiotic discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928.

Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.

Aspirin Timeline

Chronicles the development and milestones of aspirin from ancient use to modern production.