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Harnessed Energy
Potential for transformation into work.
Energy Definitions
Types and sources of energy.
Potential Energy
Stored energy, such as energy based on height.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion.
Sources of Energy
Categorized as natural (renewable) and human-made (fossil fuels).
Philippine Energy Landscape
Current energy status and trends in the Philippines.
Gravitational Potential Energy
Calculated as P.E. = mgh, where m = mass, g = gravity, h = height.
Electrostatic Potential Energy
Calculated as P.E. = -Ze²/r, where Z = charge and r = distance.
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in chemical bonds, released during reactions.
Laws of Chemical Combination
Conservation of matter, definite composition, multiple proportions.
Chemical Formulas
Representation using symbols and subscripts for atom counts.
Avogadro’s Number
6.02 x 10²³ particles equals 12 grams of carbon.
Stoichiometry
Calculations for reactants and products using balanced equations.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy transformation is the only transformation allowed.
Units of Energy
Measured in Joules, where 1 calorie = 4.189 J.
Renewable Energy Sources
Includes sources such as solar and wind energy.
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Includes fossil fuels and nuclear energy.
Cultural References in Medicine
Examines ancient and modern perceptions of treatment methods.
Doctrine of Similitudes
Natural substances similar to human organs can treat corresponding ailments.
Aphrodisiacs
Substances believed to increase sexual desire.
Mandrake Root
Resembles the human body and has cultural significance in medicine.
St. John's Wort
Plant known for healing properties, notably used for burns and cuts.
Theriac
A historical cure-all with over 100 ingredients.
Sambong (Blumea balsamifera)
Effective in treating urolithiasis according to 1991 clinical trials.
Lagundi (Vitex negundo)
Confirmed remedy for coughs as of 1992.
Paul Ehrlich
19th-century scientist known for disease-specific chemical compound treatments.
Salvarsan
Arsenic-based compound developed to treat syphilis.
VSEPR Theory
Describes how electron pairs determine molecular shape by minimizing repulsion.
Linear Geometry
Formed by 2 electron groups with an angle of 180°.
Trigonal Planar Geometry
Formed by 3 electron groups with an angle of 120°.
Tetrahedral Geometry
Formed by 4 electron groups with an angle of 109.5°.
Polarity of Molecules
Determined by bond polarity and molecular orientation.
London Dispersion Forces
Intermolecular forces present in non-polar molecules.
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Attractive forces between polar molecules.
Hydrogen Bonding
Strong intermolecular force occurring when hydrogen bonds with F, N, or O.
Cohesive Forces
Intermolecular forces that attract molecules of the same substance.
Adhesive Forces
Intermolecular forces that attract molecules of different substances.
Primary Metabolites
Compounds necessary for growth and development in organisms.
Secondary Metabolites
Compounds not directly involved in normal growth but play a role in plant defense.
Isolation Methods
Techniques such as distillation, extraction, and chromatography to purify compounds.
Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus)
Plant whose leaf extract is used to treat leukemia.
Cinchona Tree
Source of quinine, a treatment for malaria.
Willow Tree
Source of salicylic acid, which leads to aspirin.
Penicillin
First antibiotic discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928.
Isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
Aspirin Timeline
Chronicles the development and milestones of aspirin from ancient use to modern production.
