Biological Perspectives- III

Key requirement for constituting a species according to the biological species concept

Reproductive isolation

Animal type that the bio species concept cannot be used on

Asexual species

Concept that similar looking individuals belong in a species

Morphological species

Concept of species based off of its evolutionary relationships with over taxons

Phylogenetic species

Concept emphasizes the similar habitat used by members of the same species

Ecological species

Most universally accepted species concept

There is no single widely accepted idea

Number of people forcibly sterilized in the USA

~70,000

Last year of forced sterilization in the USA

1981

Physical adaptation of northern Europeans

A short, musculature stature

Parapatric

When two groups are somewhat separated, and undergo different selection pressures

Peripatric

When a small population becomes isolated from the main and faces unique pressures

Punctuated equillibrium

Pattern of evolution which is driven by isolated events of rapid speciation, followed by periods of near stability

Continent with the most lactose intolerant people

Asia

Only bone in humans to not have any other bones attached

Hyoid bone

Hyoid bone

Bone is the attachment point for the muscles of the tongue that are essential for speech

Cetaceans are most closely related to

Artiodactyla (Even toed ungulates)

Percent of oxygen lost when ascending from sea level to level of Tibetan occupation

~40%

Mechanism for integration of mutant EPAS1 gene into ancient Tibetan peoples

Interbreeding between Denisovans and humans

2pq

Heterozygous individual frequency

p2 + 2pq

Dominant trait frequency

Chi squared equation

(O-E)²/E

Type of sending messages involves secreting substances from a cell that diffuse to nearby cells

Paracrine signaling

Optical rods

Allows perception images in black and white at low light levels

Optical cones

Allow for the perception of colors

Primary advantage of having binocular vision

Depth perception and accurate distance judgement

Advantage of having 3 different cone cells

Improved color vision and discrimination

Fate of lost odor receptor numbers in humans

Lost functionality due to mutation and are now pseudogenes.

Gustations=

Taste