General Pathology - Week 1

Histology

Study of fundamentals of cells, tissues and organs with emphasis on normal microscopic structure, characteristics and functions.

Branches of pathology:

General Pathology and Systemic Pathology

General pathology

common reaction of cells and tiisues to injurious stimuli (acute inflammation)

Systemic pathology

examines alterations and underlying mechanism in organ specific disease.

4 aspects of disease:

1. Etiology 2. Pathogenesis 3. Morphological changes 4. Clinical Manifestation

Etiology 2 classes:

1. Genetic - inherited mutations 2. Acquired (nutritional, infectious chemical, and physical)

Pathogenesis

Sequence of cellular, biochemical, and molecular events that follows the exposure of cells or tissue to an injurious agent.

Morphologic changes

Structural alterations in cells or tissues that are either characteristic of disease or diagnostic of an etiologic process

Functional derangements

End result of genetic, biochemical, and structural changes in cells, and tissues are functional abnormalities, which can lead to clinical manifestations.

Anoxia

Complete lack of oxygen

Hypoxia

Inadequate oxygen

Chemicals

Alcohols, polycyclic hydrocarbons, drugs.

Free radicals

Acetaminophen poisoinig, iron overload diseases

Genetic and metabolic disorders

Phenylketonuria, DM

Inflammation and immune reactions

Abscess/cellultis, autoimmune diseases

Microbes

Infection by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites

Nutritional deficiencies

Protein deficiency

Physical agents

Skin wounds, burns, frostbite, radiation.

Endogenous

comes from the inside of the body

Exogenous

comes from the environment

Anthracotic pigment

Common with coal workers

2 types of malnourishments: common in children

Kwashiorkor (protein deficiency) and Marasmus - caloric deficiency

Main contributor of oncotic pressure in your blood vessels

Protein

Oncotic pressure

it pulls the water towards it

In cell injury: Reversible

Body can still repair

Irreversible

the damage is too high in amount/too fast that cells can't recover at once which may result to cell death.

Apoptosis

response that is orderly. program cell death.

Cell Death

Occurs when cells or tissues are unable to adapt to injury

Common causes of Cell Death

Ischemia (direct insult to cells), infections, and toxins

Cell death: 2 principal pathways

1. Necrosis 2. Apoptosis

Necrosis

Accompanied by inflammation. neutrophils acute

Necrosis: 7 enumeration

1. Coagulation 2. Liquefactive 3. Gummatous 4. Enzymatic fat 5. Traumatic fat 7. FibrinoidAp

Apoptosis: 2 types

1. Physiologic and 2. Pathologic

Coagulative Necrosis

Preservation of structural outline or groups of dead cells

2 mechanisms of