AP Environmental Science Formulas

AP Environmental Science Formula Cheat Sheet Flashcards

Growth Rate (%)

(Births - Deaths) / Total Population * 100

Population Change

(Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)

Doubling Time (Rule of 70)

70 / Growth Rate (%)

Crude Birth or Death Rate (CBR/CDR)

(Births or Deaths / Total Population) * 1,000

Energy Efficiency (%)

(Useful Output / Input) * 100

Net Energy

Energy Output - Energy Input

Per Capita Resource Use

Total Use / Population Size

Concentration (ppm)

1 ppm = 1 mg / 1 kg water = 1 mg/L

Air Pollutant Concentration (gases)

(Volume of gas / Volume of air) * 10^6

10% Rule (Trophic Levels): Energy at Next Level =

Energy at Current Level * 0.10

1 hectare (ha)

10,000 m^2

1 kilowatt-hour (kWh)

3.6 * 10^6 joules

1 metric ton

1,000 kg

1 gigaton (Gt)

1 billion metric tons

pH

-log[H+] (Each step = 10x change in acidity/basicity)