Chapter 28 study guide

invisible hand

A natural force that uses people's self-interest to benefit society as a whole.

John Locke

Enlightenment philosopher that advocated for the social contract and individual's "natural rights".

Símon Bolivár

Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule; founded Bolivia in
1825.

Adam smith

"Father of Economics" and proponent of "laissez-faire" capitalism.

Montesquieu

Enlightenment philosopher that advocated for the separation of power and checks and balances.

Voltaire

French Enlightenment philosopher that emphasized freedom of speech and the press.

Louis XVI

Lavish spender, a weak leader, and the final absolute monarch in France who was beheaded during the Revolution.

Convervatism

Elements in European society that sought to maintain tradition and only supported slow, gradual change.

Liberalism

An ideology that supports freedom from traditional monarchical oppression, supports natural rights and free
markets.

Nationalism

A sense of pride and belonging in a new type of social organization based on shared language, customs,
traditions and values (as opposed to clans cities, regions, and religious faiths) that developed in Europe during the
19th century.

Cesare Beccaria

Enlightenment philosopher and supporter of rights of the accused.

Robespierre

Leader of the Jacobin radicals that led the "Reign of Terror" during the French Revolution.

Republic

A form of government in which citizens express their voices through representatives in government.

Olympe de Gouges

Fought for Women's Rights and wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women.

Ancien Régime

An old political and social order in France prior to the revolution in which status was determined by one's
belonging to one of three estates with vast differences in political, social and economic equality.

Congress of Vienna

a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von
Metternich, from September 1814 to June 1815. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace
for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Zionism

_ a movement for (originally) the re-establishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish
nation in what is now Israel. It was established as a political organization in 1897 under Theodor Herzl.

The revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries helped to spread Enlightenment ideals and __

E. Encouraged the consolidation of national states

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in his Social Contract, argued that in every country the sovereign voice of government

D. Was the members of society acting collectively

Which of the following was not one of John Locke's main ideas?

A. That although kings did have divine sanction, their subjects maintained personal rights

The creoles of Latin America were influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment

A. But only wanted to displace the peninsulares and still retain their privileged positions

The leaders of the French Revolution

C. Called for a complete reorganizing of French political, social, and cultural structures

In response to the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

E. The French revolutionary leaders refused to put women's rights on their political agenda

The Declaration of Independence's contractual view of political structure in which the government drew its authority from "the consent of the governed" was influenced by

E. John Locke

How did the revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries help to spread Enlightenment ideals?

It encouraged the consolidation of national states

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his Social Contract?

Rousseau's social contract theory holds that a people is free when it is governed by its own laws.

What were John Locke's main ideas?

all persons are endowed with natural rights to life, liberty, and property and that rulers who fail to protect those rights may be removed by the people, by force if necessary.

What was the role of the creoles of Latin America in the 18th
century wars of independence?

They were often the leaders and instigators of these movements, driven by their dissatisfaction with the Spanish colonial rule.

What were some of the goals of the leaders of the French Revolution?

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.

What was the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen and what were its effects?

Gouges included 17 articles outlining the basic rights that should be extended to women, including the right to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression; the right to participate fully in the making of laws that they are to abide by; the right to participate at all levels of government; and the right to voice opinions in public.

What was the Declaration of Independence and what influenced its ideas?

It was an official act taken by all 13 American colonies in declaring independence from British rule. The Virginia Declaration of Rights strongly influenced Thomas Jefferson in writing the first part of the Declaration of Independence. It later provided the foundation for the Bill of Rights.

What was Simon Bolivar's Jamaica Letter and what Enlightenment ideas did it represent?

Simón Bolívar in 1815 while in exile in Jamaica in which he articulates his desire for Latin American unity and his vision of republican government. Bolívar was strongly influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment and particularly the political ideals of republicanism.

Which of the following was not impacted between 1750-1900 as a result of Enlightenment ideas?: ending slavery, ending
serfdom, ending colonization, expanding suffrage.

expanding suffrage

What criticisms of colonialism were expressed by creoles of Latin America?

Many Creoles (those of Spanish parentage but who were born in America) felt Bourbon policy to be an unfair attack on their wealth, political power, and social status.