THE BEST AP PSYCHOLOGY CRAM CARDS

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The AI made these so if they suck don't kill me Just the main parts from the sheet <3

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186 Terms

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Structuralism

Approach using introspection to examine mental structures

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Functionalism

Focuses on analyzing the purpose of behavior

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Evolutionary

Emphasizes genes in behavior

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Humanistic

Involves free will, choice, and actualization

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Biological

Concerned with the brain and neurotransmitters

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Cognitive

Focuses on perceptions and thoughts

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Behavioral

Involves learned behaviors and reinforcement

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Psychoanalytic/dynamic

Considers the unconscious and childhood

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Sociocultural

Examines the influence of society on behavior

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Biopsychosocial

Combination of various psychological approaches

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Experiment

Research method controlling variables for cause and effect

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Independent Variable

Manipulated factor in an experiment

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Experimental Group

Receives the treatment in an experiment

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Control Group

Group used for comparison in an experiment

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Placebo Effect

Behaviors due to receiving a placebo

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Double-Blind

Experiment where neither participant nor experimenter knows conditions

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Dependent Variable

Measured variable dependent on the independent variable

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Operational Definition

Clear definition of variables for replication

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Confound

Error or flaw in a study

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Random Assignment

Assigning participants randomly to groups

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Random Sample

Method for choosing participants to minimize bias

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Validity

Accuracy of results

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Reliability

Consistency of results

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Naturalistic Observation

Observing behavior in natural settings

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Correlation

Identifying relationships between variables

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Positive Correlation

Variables vary in the same direction

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Negative Correlation

Variables vary in opposite directions

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Case Study

Detailed study of an individual

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Descriptive Stats

Statistical analysis describing data shape

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Inferential Statistics

Establishes significance of results

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Ethical Guidelines (APA)

Principles like confidentiality and informed consent

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Neuron

Basic cell of the nervous system

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Dendrites

Receive incoming signals in a neuron

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Soma

Cell body containing the nucleus

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Axon

Part of the neuron where action potential travels

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Myelin Sheath

Speeds up signal transmission in neurons

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Terminals

Release neurotransmitters in a neuron

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Synapse

Gap between neurons

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Action Potential

Electrical charge down the axon

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All or None Law

Stimulus triggers action potential

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Refractory Period

Resting period for a neuron

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Sensory Neurons

Receive signals

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Afferent Neurons

Accept signals

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Motor Neurons

Send signals

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Efferent Neurons

Signal exits

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Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral Nervous System

Rest of the nervous system

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Somatic NS

Controls voluntary movements

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Autonomic NS

Involuntary functions

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Sympathetic NS

Arouses the body for fight/flight

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Parasympathetic NS

Establishes homeostasis after arousal

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Neurotransmitters (NTs)

Chemicals transmitting signals between neurons

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GABA

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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Glutamate

Major excitatory neurotransmitter

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Dopamine

Involved in reward and movement

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Serotonin

Regulates moods and emotions

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Acetylcholine (ACH)

Important for memory

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Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Arousal in the sympathetic NS

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Endorphins

Control pain and induce happiness

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Oxytocin

Influences love and bonding

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Agonist

Mimics a neurotransmitter

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Antagonist

Blocks a neurotransmitter

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Reuptake

Reabsorption of neurotransmitters

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Areas of the Brain

Different regions and functions in the brain

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Hindbrain

Oldest part of the brain

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Cerebellum

Controls movement

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Medulla

Regulates vital organs

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Pons

Involved in sleep and arousal

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Midbrain

Contains the reticular formation for attention

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Forebrain

Higher thought processes

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Limbic System

Emotions and memory

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Amygdala

Involved in emotions and fear

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Hippocampus

Important for memory

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Thalamus

Relay center for sensory information

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Hypothalamus

Regulates reward and eating behaviors

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Broca’s Area

Involved in speech production

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Wernicke’s Area

Involved in speech comprehension

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Cerebral Cortex

Outer layer for higher-order thinking

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Occipital Lobe:

vision

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Activation Synthesis

Brain produces random bursts of energy, stimulating lodged memories in dreams which start randomly and develop meaning.

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Hypnosis

Can reduce pain, help relaxation; Cannot give superhuman strength, induce regression, or make one do things against their will.

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Psychoactive Drugs

Trigger dopamine release in the brain; Depressants decrease sympathetic NS activation and are highly addictive (e.g., alcohol, barbiturates); Stimulants increase sympathetic NS activation and are highly addictive (e.g., amphetamines, cocaine); Hallucinogens cause hallucinations and are not very addictive (e.g., LSD, marijuana).

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Classical Conditioning

Involves Pavlov's concepts like Unconditioned Stimulus (US), Unconditioned Response (UR), Neutral Stimulus (NS), Conditioned Stimulus (CS), and Conditioned Response (CR); includes principles like Contiguity, Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, and Discrimination.

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Contingency Model

Proposed by Rescorla & Wagner, suggests classical conditioning involves cognitive processes.

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Operant Conditioning

Introduced by Skinner, includes the Law of Effect, Principles of Operant Conditioning (Pos. Reinforcement, Neg. Reinforcement, Pos. Punishment, Neg. Punishment), types of Reinforcers, Generalization, Discrimination, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Premack Principle, Overjustification Effect, Shaping, Chaining, and different Reinforcement schedules.

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Social (Observational) Learning

Developed by Bandura, focuses on modeling behaviors (Prosocial and Antisocial) in children.

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Misc Learning Types

Include Latent learning (Tolman), Cognitive maps, Insight learning (Kohler), Learned Helplessness (Seligman).

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Cognition

Covers Encoding (Automatic, Effortful, Shallow, Intermediate, Deep processing, Imagery, Self-referent encoding, Dual encoding, Chunking, Mnemonics), Storage (Information Processing Model, Sensory Memory, Short Term Memory, Long Term Memory, Working Memory Model), Retrieval (Serial Position Effect, Recall, Recognition, Flashbulb memories, Repressed memories, Encoding failure, Retrieval cues, Forgetting curve), and Memory organization.

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Theories of Motivation

Include Instinct, Drive Reduction, Optimum Arousal, Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow), Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation.

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Hunger

Covers signals of hunger, role of various chemicals, hypothalamus functions, obesity causes and risks, eating disorders like Anorexia and Bulimia.

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Sexuality

Discusses the biology of sex, sexual response pattern, and the role of brain structures like the Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland in sexual behavior.

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Alfred Kinsey

Conducted pioneering sex studies, suggested high promiscuity, created homosexuality scale

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Homosexuality

Rooted in biology, brain differences, higher likelihood in identical twins, later sons (maternal hormones)

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Theories of Emotions:

lange, bard etc

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James-Lange

Stimulus → physiological arousal → emotion

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cannon-bard

Stimulus → arousal & emotion simultaneously

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schacter

Adds cognitive labeling, stimulus → arousal → interpret cues → label emotion

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Amygdala

Processes some stimuli directly, bypassing frontal cortex (e.g., gut reactions)

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Behavioral Factors

Six universal emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear) across cultures

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Non-verbal Cues

Gestures, Duchenne smile (distinguishing real from fake smiles)