BA 324 Exam 1 Review

Friendly Audience

An audience that is supportive, receptive, and already inclined to agree with the speaker.

Neutral Audience

An audience that is undecided or indifferent and requires persuasion and engagement.

Uninterested Audience

An audience that has little initial interest and requires strong hooks and relevance.

Hostile Audience

An audience that is resistant or opposed and requires credibility, logic, and empathy.

Capture Attention

Gain immediate interest using a hook.

Establish Credibility

Show why you are qualified to speak.

Create Rapport

Build a connection with the audience.

Preview Main Points

Provide a clear roadmap of what is coming.

Startling Fact or Statistic

Uses surprising data to grab attention.

Personal Story or Anecdote

Uses narrative to create emotional connection.

Relevant Quote

Uses a meaningful quote tied to the topic.

Rhetorical Question

Engages the audience mentally.

Appropriate Humor

Light humor used strategically and professionally.

Manuscript Delivery

Reading directly from a script or teleprompter.

Memorized Delivery

Speaker memorizes the entire presentation.

Extemporaneous Delivery

Speaking from an outline or bullet points (preferred).

Eye Contact

Builds connection and allows speaker to read the audience.

Facial Expressions

Should match message and convey engagement.

Gestures

Natural movements that reinforce meaning.

Voice

Includes volume, clarity, pacing, and tone.

Posture

Confident stance and purposeful movement.

Image

Professional appearance appropriate for the setting.

Storytelling Importance

Stories help audiences remember, connect emotionally, and understand meaning.

Universal Language

Storytelling is used across all cultures.

Memory Advantage

Audiences remember stories more than bullet points.

Holmes' Ten Tips for Overcoming Stage Fright

1. Prepare thoroughly 2. Know the introduction by heart 3. Breathe deeply before starting 4. Smile 5. Remember nervousness is usually invisible 6. Focus on message, not yourself 7. Ignore stumbles 8. Jitters beat indifference 9. Don't try to be perfect 10. Keep perspective.

Primary Purposes of Visual Aids

Spark Interest, Clarify Information, Enhance Retention, Set Mood, Support the Speaker.

Holmes' Six Design Rules for Effective Slides

Start with Content, Highlight Main Points, KISS, Ensure Visibility, Choose Clean Design, Use High-Quality Visuals.

KISS

Keep It Short and Simple.

KILL

Keep It Large and Legible.

Why Organizations Use Teams

Better Decisions, Greater Buy-In, Less Resistance to Change, Faster Responses, Increased Productivity, Improved Morale.

Tuckman's Five Stages of Team Development

Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning.

Norms Definition

Standards that regulate team behavior.

Conditions Essential to Team Effectiveness

Trust, Group Identity, Group Efficacy.

Ways to Enhance Team Effectiveness

Small Teams, Diversity, Open Communication, Collaboration, Shared Leadership, Fair Decision-Making, Positive Attitude, Performance Assessment, Constructive Feedback.

Communication

The process of transmitting meaning between sender and receiver.

Basic Communication Model

Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver, Feedback, Noise.

The Seven Cs of Business Writing

Clear, Concise, Conversational, Correct, Coherent, Courteous, Complete.

3x3 Writing Process

Prewriting, Drafting, Revising.

Goals of Business Writing

Purposeful, Economical, Audience-Oriented.

Direct vs Indirect Approach

Main point first

Indirect Approach

Reasoning first, main point later.

Proofreading Focus

Grammar, Punctuation, Spelling, Numbers, Formatting.

Soft Skills

Oral and written communication skills and other competencies like active listening, appropriate nonverbal behavior

People skills

Ability to deal with or manage people

Emotional Intelligence

the ability to understand and manage our own emotions as well as the ability to understand and influence the emotions and behaviors of others

Interpersonal skills

A combination of communication, logical reasoning, critical-thinking, teamwork, and management skills - component of professional skills

Professional skills

A combination of communication, logical reasoning, critical-thinking, teamwork, and management skills

Sharing economy

An economic model that allows consumers to share creation, distribution, and consumption of goods and servies facilitated by a digital platform

ad hoc teams

Nontraditional project-based teams that disband after they accomplish their objectives

gog economy

A sector of the labor market that relies on free agents hired on a project basis or doing short-term independent work

Empathic listening

An active form of listening during which good listeners sincerely strive to understand others’’ viewpoints

Speech-thought differential

The lag between listeners’ ability to process speech much faster than speakers talk, thus allowing poor listeners to let their minds wander

Culture

A complex sytem of shared values, traits, morals, and customs that molds the way people think, behave, and communicate

Context

A cultural dimension that refers to the stimuli, environment, or ambience surrounding an event

Individualism

A cultural dimension that refers to an attitude of independence and freedom from control

Collectivist

members of high-context cultures emphasize membership in organizations, groups, and teams; they encourage acceptance of group values, duties, and decisions.

Culture convergence

A trend toward greater global similarity particularly in the cultural aspects of higher individualism and lower power distance.

Monchronic time

time that is perceived as if it were running on a single-linear track.

polychronic time

time that may be perceived as an unlimited resource to be enjoyed; it is open and flexible.

Power distance

A dimension of culture that refers to how people in different societies cope with inequality and how they relate to powerful individuals because of their wealth, position, seniority, or age.

Loneliness epidemic

A term describing feelings of isolation in an online environment that may lead to depression, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic

Digital nationalism

A recent trend characterized by the rise of nationalism and right-wing populism facilitated by digital technologies.

Splinternet

A potential fragmentation of the Internet, once viewed as a unified global network bringing users together.

ethnocentrism

The belief in the superiority of one’s own culture; judging others by one’s own values.

Stereotype

An oversimplified behavioral pattern applied to entire groups

Tolerance

A willingness to learn about and practice beliefs and practices different from one’s own; being open-minded and receptive to new experiences.

Groupthink

An absence of critical thinking sometimes found in homogeneous groups.

Meaning

An idea that’s understoof by the receiver as it was intended by the sender

Encoding

Converting an idea into words or gestures that will convey meaning

Channel

The medium through which a message is transmitted

Noise

Anything that disrupts the transmission of a message in the communication process

Receiver

An individual for whom a message is intended

Decoding

Translating a message from its symbol form into meaning

Feedback

The verbal and nonverbal responses the receiver creates to let the sender know that the message was understood

Information message

Business messages that inform

Persuasive message

Business messages attempting to sell products, convince managers, motivate employees, and win over customers

Richness

The extent to which a channel or medium recreates or represents all the information available in the orginal message

jargon

Technical or specialized terms within a field

Research

Collecting needed information before writing a message.

Primary data

Information coming from firsthand experience generated from surveys, interviews, observation, and experimentation.

Secondary data

Information coming from reading what others have experienced or observed and written about; books magazines, journals, and online resources are considered secondary sources.

Brainstorming

The spontaneous contribution of ideas from members of a group; a popular method for generating ideas.

Mind mapping

A process for generating and sorting ideas using visual concepts such as a tree with branches illustrating connected ideas.

Direct Strategy

An organizational strategy that describes an order in which the main idea comes first, followed by details, an explanation, or evidence; used when the writer expects the reader to be pleased, mildly interested, or neutral.

Indirect strategy

An organizational strategy that describes placing the main idea later in a message, after the details, explanation, or evidence; used when the writer expects the reader to be uninterested, unwilling, displeased, or hostile.

Frontloading

Placing the main idea first.

Freewriting

An idea-generating technique that allows writers to record thoughts quickly without analysis or editing.

Fragment

A sentence error that results when a broken-off part of a complex sentence is punctuated as if it were a complete sentence.

Run-on sentences

A sentence error that results when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined (fused) together without a conjunction or a semicolon

Comma Splice

A sentence error that results when a writer joins two independent clauses with a comma

Active voice

The use of verbs that make the subject the doer of the action in a sentence

Passive voice

Sentences in which the subject is acted upon

Parallelism

A writing technique that uses similar construction to achieve balanced writing

Dangling modifer

A modifier dangles when the word or phrase it describes is missing from the sentence

Misplaced modifier

A setence error that occurs when a modifier is not close to the word or phrase it describes

Paragraph

A group of sentences about one idea

Topic sentence

A sentence that states the main diea of a paragraph

Supporting sentence

A setence that illustrates, explains, or strengetherns the topic sentence

Coherent

When the ideas stick together and when one idea logically lelads to the next