EARLY CHILDHOOD SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Chapter 7

Emotion coaching

monitor children’s emotions, view negative emotions as teachable moments, assist children in labeling emotions, teach how to deal with emotions

Emotion dismissing

tend to deny, ignore, or attempt to change negative emotions

Self-esteem

belief in one’s own ability and evaluation of worth; connected to parent behavior (elevated)

Self Concept

understanding of self (boy/girl and big/little)

Internalizing problems

turn emotions inward

Externalizing Problems

difficulty controlling emotional expression – turn emotions outward

Types of Play

• Constructive
• Sociodramatic
• Rough and tumble

Evolution of Play

• Solitary
• Onlooker
• Parallel
• Cooperative

Types of Parenting styles

Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, neglectful/uninvolved, intrusive/overinvolved

Authoritarian Parenting

parents are not to be questioned, punishment is strict
and usually physical, children’s opinion is not valued, rarely show emotion

Permissive Parenting

few demands, lax discipline, low expectations of children, nurturing, accepting

Authoritative Parenting

set limits and enforce rules but listen to their children.

Neglectful/uninvolved

indifference, unaware

Intrusive/overinvolved

low expectations, high anxiety, over-protective

Types of punishment

• Physical
• Associated with higher levels of immediate compliance and aggression, but lower levels of moral internalization (Gershoff, 2002)
• Psychological control – use of guilt, threats to withdraw love and support,
manipulative
• Social punishments
• Time out
• Induction – talk with the child to help them understand what they did wrong.

TV watching and effects of

decreased physical activity, increased risk of obesity, negative impacts on mental health (like anxiety and depression), cognitive decline, and in children, potential for behavioral issues due to exposure to violent content on TV. 

Types of aggression

• Instrumental/Proactive – hurtful behavior that is intended to get or keep something that another person has
• Reactive -- retaliation*
• Relational aggression
• Bullying

Sociocultural gender theory

Gender expression varies depending on cultural
norms/expectations

Behaviorism gender theory

• Behavior that is gender appropriate is rewarded more than behavior that is not
• Observation of adults (social learning)

Cognitive Gender Theory

• Categorize males and females as opposites. Build
schemas about characteristics of males and females;
categorize themselves as male or female and behave in ways that fit their concept.

Epigenetic Gender Theory

• Role of biology and interaction with experience
(relationships, reaction to stress, internalizing/externalizing).