Rest and Sleep (Chapter 35)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms related to rest, sleep, circadian rhythms, sleep stages, disorders, assessment tools, and lifestyle factors from the chapter.

Rest

A condition in which the body is in a decreased state of activity, with a feeling of refreshment.

Sleep

A state of rest with altered consciousness and relative inactivity; part of the sleep–wake cycle.

Wakefulness

A time of mental activity and energy expenditure.

Sleep-wake cycle

The cyclical alternation between states of sleep and wakefulness.

Circadian rhythm

Natural 24-hour cycle regulating sleep–wake patterns, body temperature, hormone release, and alertness.

Apnea

Temporary disruption or cessation of breathing during sleep.

Insomnia

Inability to sleep despite optimal circumstances.

Hypothalamus

Control center for sleeping and waking.

NREM sleep

Non-rapid eye movement sleep; about 75% of total sleep; includes four stages (I–IV).

Stage I

Transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep; easy arousal. 5% to 50%

Stage II

Light sleep; arousable; major portion of NREM.5% to %0%

Stage III

Deep sleep; slow-wave sleep; reduced vital signs. 10% of sleep

Stage IV

Deepest stage of NREM; most difficult to awaken; slow-wave activity. 10% of sleep

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep; 20–25% of sleep; vivid dreams; autonomic activity increased; muscle atonia (twitching).=, increased oxygen consumption, increased gastric secretions

Sleep cycle

Pattern of progression through NREM stages I–IV, then REM, and repetition throughout the night.

Leptin

hormone that tells the brain to stop

eating

Ghrelin

promotes continued eating

Newborns

Newborns sleep an average of 16hrs/24hours;about 4 hours at a time; nothing in crib to prevent suffocation. Babies sleep on back

Infants

sleep on average 12 to 15 hours at

night with several naps during the day. Usually sleep through the night by 8 – 16 weeks of age

Toddlers

Need for sleep declines; sleep 11 to 14 hours a night and napping once during the day

Preschoolers

sleep an average of 10 to 13 hours per night, often transitioning away from napping.

school-aged children

sleep an average of 9 to 11 hours each night, with less frequent naps.

teenagers

require about 8 to 10 hours of sleep each night, don’t get enough sleep. often experiencing changes in sleep patterns due to increased demands and social activities.

Young adults

need about 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night, often facing challenges such as stress and irregular schedules that impact sleep quality.

Middle-aged adults

typically require about 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night, may experience changes in sleep patterns due to health issues and lifestyle factors.

Older adults

generally need about 7 to 8 hours of sleep, often facing difficulties related to health conditions, medication, and changes in sleep architecture.

Factors affecting sleep

include lifestyle choices, stress, medical conditions, psychological, and environmental factors that can disrupt sleep patterns.

GERD

(Gastroesophageal reflux disease) is a condition that can disrupt sleep due to symptoms like heartburn, leading to disturbances in sleep quality and duration.

Hypothyroidism

is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, potentially leading to sleep disturbances, fatigue, and changes in sleep patterns.

Medications that affect sleep

Benzodiazepines

Amphetamines

Antidepressants

Diuretics

Antiparkinsonian

drugs

Antidepressants

Antihypertensives

Steroids

Decongestants

Caffeine

Asthma medications

Delta sleep

Also called slow-wave sleep; deepest NREM sleep with low metabolic activity.

Insomnia

a common sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, leading to daytime fatigue and impairment.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Sleep disorder with airway obstruction causing apnea or hypopnea during sleep.

Enuresis

A condition involving involuntary urination, often during sleep, commonly referred to as bedwetting.

Narcolepsy

Excessive daytime sleepiness with sudden sleep attacks; often with cataplexy.

Idiopathic hypersomnia

Excessive daytime sleepiness not explained by other disorders.

Circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders

Chronic misalignment between internal clock and desired sleep–wake schedule.

Parasomnias

Sleep disorders involving abnormal movements, behaviors, or dreams during sleep.

Somnambulism

Sleepwalking; walking or moving about while asleep (a parasomnia).

REM sleep behavior disorder

Loss of normal REM atonia, leading to acting out dreams.

Sleep terrors

Night terrors; deep sleep episodes with screaming; common in children.

Nightmare disorder

Distressing dreams that cause significant distress or impairment.

Sleep-related eating disorder

Eating during sleep with no recollection upon waking.

sleep paralysis

A temporary inability to move or speak when falling asleep or waking up, often accompanied by hallucinations.

Jet lag

Temporary disruption of circadian rhythm after crossing time zones.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS)

Willis–Ekbom disease; urge to move legs with unpleasant sensations, especially at rest.

L-tryptophan

Amino acid that promotes sleep; precursor to serotonin/melatonin; found in bedtime snacks.

Sleep diary

Record of bedtimes, sleep onset, awakenings, stressors, meals, and activities affecting sleep.

Nurse Interventions to promote sleep

Actions taken by nurses to create a conducive sleep environment, including providing comfort, limiting fluid 2 hours before bed educating patients on sleep hygiene, and managing pain or anxiety.

Caffeine

Stimulant that blocks adenosine and can disrupt sleep.

Alcohol

Large quantities can limit REM and delta sleep.

Smoking

Nicotine use associated with poorer sleep quality and disturbances.