Unit one

What are the 3 main subatomic particles

electrons, protons, neutrons

Protons are

positively charged

where are protons and neutrons found

in the nucleus

where are electrons found

orbital

neutrons are

neutral particles in the nucleus

electrons are

negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.

electrons determine

personality and dictate interactions

number of protons change

the element

protons + neutrons =

atomic mass

what are three types of chemical bonding?

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

how do covalent bonds form

when atoms share pairs of electrons.

how do ionic bonds form

when electrons are transferred between atoms, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

how do hydrogen bonds form

are weak interactions that form between two polar covalent
molecules

importance of covalent bonds?

Formation of biomolecules

importance of hydrogen bonds

Holding DNA strands together, Protein folding, Breakdown of ionic compounds, Gives water its unique properties

importance of ionic bonds

Allows for processes like: nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, fluid
balance

importance of water

is essential for life, acts as a solvent, regulates temperature, and participates in biochemical reactions, protection of organs and tissue etc

what allows water to be versiitle

hydrogen bonding confers on water many different
special propertie

special properties of water

heat storage, high heat of vaporization (steam), Heat of fusion (ice Formation)

heat storage

water temperature changes slowly and holds
temperature well

high heat of vaporization

at high temperatures, hydrogen bonds can be broken

heat of fusion

water becomes less dense as it freezes because hydrogen
bonds stabilize and hold water molecules farther apart-
water expands when frozen

cohesion

when one water molecule is attracted to another water molecule

adhesion

when polar molecules other than water stick to a water molecule

Polymer and monomer of carbs

polysaccharides and monosaccharides

Polymer and monomer of lipids

no true polymer and monomer

Polymer and monomer of protiens

amino acids and polypeptides

Polymer and monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotide and DNA/RNA

hydroylisis

breaks down

dehydration

builds up

Functions of carbs

energy storage, cell regontion and signaling, structural

Functions of lipids

energy storage, structural components, horomone production, insulation and protection

Functions of protiens

enzymes, strucutral, membrane transporter, antibodies, receptors, hormones

Functions of nucleic acids

holding genetic code, protien manufacturing, energy and energy transfer

5 characterisitcs of life

evole, reproduction, repsond to simuli, metablic reactions, made of cells

LDL (low density lipoproteins)

Transports cholesterol to peripheral tissues (testes, adrenal glands)

HDL(High denisty lipoprotiens)

Transports cholesterol to liver to be discarded by the body

“reverse cholesterol transport”

Cholesterol

An important component of plasma membranes in many organisms
Also important in the manufacturing of vitamin D, cortisol, testosterone

Steroids differ from one another by

The functional groups or side groups attached to
different carbons in those hydrophobic rings

Saturated hydrocarbon chains consist of only

single bonds between the carbons

Unsaturated hydrocarbon chains

one or more double bonds exist in the hydrocarbon chains

The three most important types of lipids found in
cells:

1: Fats (triacylglycerols or triglycerides)
2. Steroids
3. Phospholipids

exmaples of simple carbs

glucose and sucrose

example of complex carbohydrates

starch and fiber

The simplest polysaccharides are

disaccharides

Two types of glycosidic linkages

α-1,4-glycosidic linkage and
β-1,4- glycosidic linkage

what polysaccharides have a-glucose polymers

starch, glycogen

what polysaccharides have b-glucose polymers

celluose, chitin, peptidoglycan

what are glycoprotiens

Proteins joined to carbohydrates by covalent bonds

Glycoproteins are key molecules in

Cell–cell recognition and Cell–cell signaling

Soluble vs. Insoluble fiber

Soluble fiber is partly broken down during
digestion and attracts water and Insoluble fiber cannot be broken down during digestion

Each amino acid has the same 4 components:

1. Alpha/Central carbon
2. Carboxyl group
3. Amino Group
4. Hydrogen atom

Amino acid side chains distinguish

the different amino acids and can be grouped into four general types

Acidic

releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Basic

accepts hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Uncharged polar

partial charge distribution, no charge

Nonpolar

even charge distrubtuion

Linking together amino acids

Results in covalent bond known as a peptide bond

what are the four levels of protien structures

primary, secondary, tertiary, quatenary

primary

String of amino acids (polypeptides)

secondary

Hydrogen bonds form between the functional groups of amino acids (2D)

tertinary

Interactions between the pleated sheetand helices occur giving rise to a unique 3-D shape (3D)

Quatenary

The molecular interactions at each level of protein folding give rise to the protein’s shape

Three components of a nucleotide:

1. A phosphate group
2. A five-carbon sugar
3. A nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base

Purines

Adenine
Guanine

Pyrimidines

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

Phosphodiester linkage (bond) occurs between

The phosphate group on the
5′ carbon of one nucleotide

And the –OH group on the 3′
carbon of another

how many hydrogen bonds between C and G

3

how many hydrogen bonds between A and T

2