APUSH Period 7 Vocab

Alfred Thayer Mahan

A naval officer whose ideas on a strong navy influenced naval policy and military strategy.

Queen Liliuokalani

The last monarch of Hawaii who was overthrown in 1893.

Pan-American Conference

A series of meetings of the countries in the Americas to discuss trade and political cooperation.

Jingoism

Extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy.

Cuban Revolt

A conflict in Cuba aimed at gaining independence from Spanish rule.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalist newspaper reporting that exaggerates news to attract readers.

De Lome letter

A letter from a Spanish diplomat that criticized President McKinley, escalating tensions between the U.S. and Spain.

Teller Amendment

A U.S. legislative amendment stating that the U.S. would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American War.

Platt Amendment

Legislation that limited Cuba's sovereignty and allowed U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs.

Sphere of influence

A region where a country has exclusive rights and privileges.

George Dewey

Admiral of the U.S. Navy who defeated the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino revolution against Spanish rule and later against American colonization.

Rough Riders

A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War.

Hawaii

An annexed territory of the United States that became the 50th state in 1959.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States known for his progressive reforms and foreign policy.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. policy allowing all nations to trade equally in China.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign uprising in China in 1900, aimed at ending foreign influence.

Panama Canal

A man-made waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, completed in 1914.

William Howard Taft

27th President of the United States and later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Dollar Diplomacy

A U.S. policy aimed at furthering its interests abroad by economic rather than military intervention.

Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting the U.S. right to intervene in Latin America.

Russo-Japanese War

A conflict between Russia and Japan (1904-1905) over territories in East Asia.

Puerto Rico

An unincorporated territory of the United States acquired in 1898.

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States, known for his progressive reforms and leadership during World War I.

Moral Diplomacy

A U.S. policy that aimed to support countries with democratic governments.

Pragmatism

A philosophical approach that evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker known for her investigation into the Standard Oil Company.

Jacob Riis

A journalist and social reformer who documented the living conditions of the urban poor.

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and social issues in the early 20th century.

Florence Kelley

A social reformer who worked to improve labor laws and fight child labor.

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

A tragic industrial disaster in 1911 that killed 146 garment workers, leading to labor reforms.

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to impose an income tax.

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.

Square Deal

The domestic program of Theodore Roosevelt focusing on consumer protection, conservation of natural resources, and controlling corporations.

Mann-Elkins Act

A 1910 law that extended the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

The Jungle Upton Sinclair

A novel that exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

“Bull Moose” Party

A progressive political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912.

Booker T Washington

An African American educator who advocated for vocational education and economic self-reliance.

W.E.B Du Bois

An African American sociologist and civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, an organization founded to fight for civil rights.

Alice Paul

A suffragist and activist who worked for women's voting rights.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote in the United States.

Lusitania

A British ocean liner sunk by a German submarine, contributing to the U.S. entering World War I.

Preparedness

U.S. policy of ramping up military resources and readiness prior to entering World War I.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret diplomatic communication from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the U.S.

John J. Pershing

A senior United States Army officer who led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I.

George Creel

Head of the United States Committee on Public Information during World War I.

Bolsheviks

A faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party that led the October Revolution.

Fourteen Points

A statement of principles for peace negotiations to end World War I, outlined by President Wilson.

League of Nations

An international organization formed after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among countries.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A U.S. Senator and critic of the League of Nations who opposed Wilson's treaty.

self-determination

The right of people to determine their own political status.

Reparations

Payments made by a country for damages caused during a war.

mobilization

The process of preparing military forces for war.

Liberty Bonds

War bonds sold to support U.S. military operations during World War I.

Spanish Flu

A deadly influenza pandemic that spread worldwide in 1918-1919.

Schenck v United States

A Supreme Court case that upheld the government’s authority to limit free speech during wartime.

Selective Service Act

A law passed in 1917 that authorized the U.S. federal government to draft soldiers for World War I.

The Red Scare (1st)

The fear of communism and radical leftist ideology in the United States post-World War I.

Palmer Raids

A series of government raids to capture and deport radical leftists during the Red Scare.

Nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Sacco & Vanzetti

Two Italian immigrants who were convicted of murder in a controversial trial during the Red Scare.

The Great Migration

The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North.

Fundamentalism

A strict adherence to specific theological doctrines typically in reaction to Modernism.

Traditionalism

Adherence to traditional ideas and practices in society.

Henry Ford

An industrialist who revolutionized the automobile industry with mass production techniques.

Assembly Line Process

A manufacturing process that breaks down a complex job into a series of simpler tasks.

Art Deco

A visual arts design style that emerged in the 1920s characterized by bold geometric shapes and vibrant colors.

Charles Lindbergh

An aviator who completed the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight in 1927.

Modernism

A cultural movement that sought to break away from traditional forms and to experiment with new techniques.

Scopes Trial

A 1925 court case that debated the legality of teaching Darwin's theory of evolution in schools.

“Scarface” Al Capone

A notorious gangster known for his role in organized crime during the Prohibition era.

Margaret Sanger

An advocate for birth control and women's reproductive rights.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem during the 1920s.

“Jazz Age”

A term used to describe the period of the 1920s characterized by the popularity of jazz music and dance.

Marcus Garvey

A political leader who promoted black nationalism and the back-to-Africa movement.

Warren G. Harding

29th President of the United States known for his 'return to normalcy' after World War I.

“Return to Normalcy”

Warren G. Harding's campaign slogan to signify a return to pre-war conditions.

Teapot Dome

A major political scandal involving the secret leasing of federal oil reserves to private companies.

Calvin Coolidge

30th President of the United States known for his laissez-faire policies.

Herbert Hoover

31st President of the United States, who served during the onset of the Great Depression.

Alfred E. Smith

A four-time Governor of New York and the first Catholic presidential candidate.

Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s.

Black Tuesday

The stock market crash on October 29, 1929, which marked the beginning of the Great Depression.

Federal Reserve

The central banking system of the United States, which regulates monetary policy.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

A tariff enacted in 1930 that raised duties on imports, worsening the Great Depression.

Bonus Army/Bonus March

A group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington to demand early payment of war bonuses.

RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation)

A government agency created to provide financial support to banks, industries, and railroads during the Great Depression.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote in the United States.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd President of the United States, known for the New Deal and leadership during World War II.

21st Amendment

Repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition.

Three Rs

Refers to Relief, Recovery, and Reform programs of the New Deal.

First New Deal

A series of programs and reforms introduced by FDR in response to the Great Depression.

Fireside Chats

Radio addresses by FDR meant to inform and reassure the public.

New Deal Programs (know AAA, PWA, CCC, TVA, NRA, SEC, FHA, CWA, WPA)

A series of federal programs designed to provide relief and recovery from the Great Depression.

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, protecting depositors by providing insurance on bank deposits.

Social Security Act

Legislation that established a system of old-age benefits and unemployment insurance.

Eleanor Roosevelt

An American political figure and activist, and wife of FDR, known for her advocacy of human rights.

Huey P. Long

A Louisiana politician known for his 'Share Our Wealth' program during the Great Depression.