Human growth and development

What is a social class?

A social class is a group of people that share a similar level of education, income, occupations, and spending patterns.

define upper class

the smallest category, represents the highest amount of wealth and power

define upper middle class

paid professionals who have higher levels of education, status, and wealth

define middle class

hold professional jobs that pay less and have less status

define working class

more likely to have jobs in vocational skills or trade occupations

define working poor

-inconsistent low-paying occupations and have struggles associated with financial insecurity

define underclass

the most impoverished group of people, homeless people

define Freuds parts of self

Id - the part of self that is inborn 

Ego - it develops through interaction with others and is guided by logic 

Superego - represents society's demands for its members

Define Freuds psychosexual development

Oral stage - lasts from birth until age two. The focus of this stage is on the mouth and is based on the reflex of sucking 

Anal stage - coincides with potty training lasts from ages 2-3. The ego is beginning to develop 

Phallic stage - ages 3-6. Marks the development of the superego and a sense of masculinity or femininity

Latency stage - from six to puberty (12ish) when a child's urges quiet down and friendships become the focus 

Genital stage - begins in puberty and continues through adulthood. The main focus is reproduction

Describe Erikson's psychosocial stages of development

Trust vs. mistrust (infancy)

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddlers)

Initiative vs. guilt (early childhood)

Industry vs. inferiority (middle childhood)

Identity vs. role confusion (teens)

Intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood)

Generativity vs. stagnation (midlife adults)

Integrity vs. despair (late adults)

define classical conditioning principles

the explanation of how we learn to feel the way we do

Learning through association 

Feelings or emotions 

Gut-level reactions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

define operant conditioning principles

why we repeat voluntary actions

Why repeat actions? - an organism will repeat an action if an effect follows it

Law of effect 

Reinforcement not criticism

Explain the ecological systems approach to development

Ecological systems theory says child development occurs within a complex system of relationships impacted by the environment, which includes family, school, culture, and law.

define the dick read method

Dick read “Childbirth Without Fear: the Principles and Practice of Natural Childbirth” 

Pain comes from fear 

Education reduces fear 

define the lamaze method

Teach control 

Breathing relaxation and focal point 

Have a coach 

Manage rather than eliminate pain 

define the leboyer method

gentle birthing 

Out-of-hospital births 

2/3rds are home births 

what are the stages of delivery

First stage 

Longest stage 

12-16 hours

15-20 for a first birth 

Second stage 

10-40 minutes 

Passage of the baby through the birth canal

Third stage 

After the baby is out 

The placenta is delivered 

define newborns sensory abilities

At birth vision is the least developed sensory ability of the baby. It would be legal blindness if it was found in an adult. Hearing is the most developed sense at birth

Define gross motor skills

The large movements of the body that require large muscles

define fine motor skills

• Fine movements of hand and fingers

• Eye-hand coordination

• Manipulating small objects

• Take longer to acquire

what is  Piaget Preoperational Intelligence

Learning to use symbols

what is Syncretism

 The belief is that if two events occur simultaneously, they must have caused the other

what is Egocentrism

Everyone thinks the way they do

define Classification errors 

The child will make errors in classifying objects

what are Conservation errors

Children will have numerous misconceptions about matter

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

How children think and reason

Maturation

define assimilation

The similarity between what we see and what we already know

define Piaget’s Principles: Accommodation

Changing our minds to adjust to new people, objects, experiences, etc.

language devlopment at 6 months

• Babbling 

• Make the sounds required for any language 

• Gradually, they will only continue making sounds that are part of their language 

• Deaf babies also babble with rudiments of signs if used

language devlopment at 10 months

 Understanding comes before speaking

language development at 12-13 months 

• First spoken words 

• Holophrastic speech - a single word used to convey an entire thought 

• Underextension - a child uses a word for a particular thing and doesn’t extend it to other objects 

• Overextension - a child uses a word too widely rather than for a specific thing 

• They have a vocabulary of about 50 words 

• Deaf babies' vocalizations disappear by age two

language devlopment at 18-24 months

• Vocabulary growth spurt at 18 months 

• Two-word sentences at 21 months 

• 3-5 word telegraphic (text message/telegraph) speech at 24 months

Baumrind’s Model of parenting

• Authoritarian- children should be seen and not heard

• Permissive- let the kids rule

• Authoritative- strictness with affection

• Uninvolved- disengaged

define LeMasters and Defrain’s Model of parenting

• Martyr - Does anything for the child

• Pal - Let the child do what they want in hopes that the child will spend time with them

• Police Officer/Drill Sergeant - Direct control of the child

• Teacher-Counselor - They want the perfect child

• Athletic Coach - Objective and consistent allowing the child to learn by doing

explain how early adulthood is a healthy but risky time

During your early 20s, you are at your physiological peak. There are many risks associated with early adulthood including drug abuse, which peaks between 19 and 22 years of age. Drug abuse in young adults can impair their judgment.

what is postformal thought?

In postformal thought, a person understands that there are contradictions that exist in the world. It involves relativistic thinking. Adolescents put things in either or categories but in adulthood you can understand that there is merit to both sides of an arguement

what are encore careers?

when you return to work maybe to a different profession- late adulthood

 Compare the expert and the novice. 

Midlife is a time of gaining expertise 

Experts and novices work differently 

experts: intuition 

Experts: less conscious 

Experts: are better at handling unusual situations

what is primary aging?

Skin and hair 

Height and weight 

Body fat

what is secondary aging?

can be disease related

Arthritis 

Hypertension

Heart disease and stroke 

Diabetes 

Cancer

Osteoporosis 

Alzheimer's disease

why do we age?

but there are a variety of theories of aging. Some indicate that cell life has a limited duration. The Hayflick limit suggests that cells can reproduce about 50 times before they become senescent (deteriorated). This is due to a shortening of the telomeres each time the cell reproduces

theories of aging

Disengagement theory - as people get older they pull away from society and society pulls away from them

Activity theory - as people age they take on new roles to replace those they lost through retirement

Continuity theory - suggests that as people age there is a lot of continuity in the way they are and the way they have always been

Integrity vs. Despair

what is delirium?

Serious disturbance in mental abilities that results in confused thinking and reduced awareness of surroundings.

List and describe the five stages of loss

Kubler ross

Denial 

Anger

Bargaining 

Depression

Acceptance

Brain development during adolescence

The prefrontal cortex, located behind the forehead, is a part of the brain that helps with judgment, planning, and strategizing. This grows in early adolescence. The cerebellum also grows during adolescence.