enzyme regulation and enzyme energy effect

Zymogens

When enzyme has longer protein segment it may be inactive, this end must be removed in order to become active.

Covalent modification

Adding a phosphate group on Tyr, Sr, Thr residue to trigger change in enzyme structure that will activate or deactivate enzyme.

Feedback control

Product in pathway is allosteric regulator of an enzyme that catalyzes a critical step in pathway.

Positive feedback control

Allosteric regulator enhances first enzyme in pathway, increasing production.

Negative feedback control

Allosteric regulator Inhibits first enzyme in pathway, decreasing production

Allosteric regulation

Substrate binding at active site is effected by the binding of molecule at different site.

Genetic control

Gene for enzyme is turned off or on to regulate amount of enzyme present in cell

Energy effect

How enzymes lower activation energy to make it go faster.

Proximity Effect

When an enzyme will bring reactants very close together to speed up reactions

Catalytic Effect

When enzymes functional groups (acidic, basic, etc) interact with the substrate for catalysis (speeding up).

Orientation effect

Enzymes bind substrates in exact geometry needed for the reaction to occur (speeds up reaction)

Transition state stabilization

Enzymes bind the transition state more strongly than substrate.

Induced fit

Binding of substrate changes enzyme structure slightly making substrate bonds easier to break (speeds up reaction)

microenviorment effect

Active site creates unique local environment (speeds up reaction)

• hydrophobic pockets prevents unwanted bonds with H2O

• Polar residues stabilize or destabilize groups to decrease energy barriers