APUSH Unit 1 Review

Ice Age

Extended period when glaciers covered most of the North American continent

Corn (Maize)

Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations

Cahokia

Important Mississippian culture site, near present-day East St. Louis, Illinois

Portugal

First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa

Mali

Flourishing West African kingdom that had its capital and university at Timbuktu

Indies

Mistaken term that the first European explorers gave to American lands because of the false belief that they were off the east coast of Asia

horse

Animal introduced by European that transformed the Indian way of life on the Great Plains

Syphilis

Disease originating in the Americas that was transmitted back to Europeans after 1942

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty that proclaimed a Spanish title to lands in the Americas by dividing them with Portugal

Mestizo

Person of mixed European and Indian ancestry

Pope's Rebellion

Indian uprising in New Mexico caused by Spanish efforts to suppress Indian religion in 1609

Pueblos

Indian people of the Rio Grande Valley who were cruelly oppressed by the Spanish conquerors

Spanish Franciscans

Roman Catholic religious order of friars that organized a chain of missions in California

Ferdinand and Isabella

Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus' voyages to the New World

Cortes and Pizarro

Spanish conquerors of great Indian civilizations

Lake Bonneville

Inland sea left by melting glaciers whose remnant is the Great Salt Lake

Dias and da Gama

Portuguese navigators who sailed around the African coast

Columbus

Italian-born explorer who thought that he had arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on unknown continents

Malinche

Female Indian slave who served as interpreter for Cortes

Montezuma

Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors

Hiawatha

Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederacy

Tenochtitlan

Wealthy capital of the Aztec empire

St. Augustine

Founded in 1565 by the Spanish, the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in United States territory

John Cabot

Italian-born navigator sent by English to explore North American coast in 1498

Junipero Sera

Franciscan missionary who settled California

Ireland

Nation where English Protestant rulers employed brutal tactics against the local Catholic population

Roanoke Island

Island colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580s

Spanish armada

Naval invaders defeated by English "sea dogs" in 1588

1st and 2nd Powhatan War

Name of two wars, fought in 1614 and 1644, between the English in Jamestown and the nearby Indian leader

slave codes

The harsh system of laws governing African labor, first developed in Barbados, and later officially adopted by South Carolina in 1696

Royal Charter

Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens

Indentured servants

Penniless people obligated to engage in unpaid labor for a fixed number of years, usually in exchange for passage to the New World or other benefits

Iroquois Confederacy

Powerful Indian confederation that dominated New York and the eastern Great Lakes area; comprised of several peoples (not the Algonquians)

Squatters

Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil

Royal colony

Term for a colony under direct control of the English king or queen

Tobacco

The primary staple crop of early Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina

South Carolina

The only southern colony with a slave majority

rice

The primary plantation crop of Southern California

Savannah

A melting-pot town in early colonial Georgia

Powhatan

Indian leader who ruled tribes in the James River area of Virginia

Raleigh and Gilbert

Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies

Roanoke

The failed "lost colony" founded by Sir Walter Raleigh

Smith and Rolfe

Virginia leader "saved" by Pocahontas and the prominent settler who married her

Virginia

Colony that established a House of Burgesses in 1619

Maryland

Founded as a haven for Roman Catholics

Lord De La Warr

Harsh military governor of Virginia who employed "Irish tactics" against the Indians

Jamaica and Barbados

British West Indian sugar colonies where large-scale plantations and slavery took root

Lord Baltimore

The Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers

South Carolina

Colony that turned to disease-resistant African slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations

North Carolina

Colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit"

Georgia

Founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists

James Oglethorpe

Philanthropic soldier-statesmen who founded the Georgia colony

Elizabeth I

The unmarried ruler who established English Protestantism and fought the Catholic Spanish

Jamestown

Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony

Protestant Reformation

Sixteenth-century religious reform movement begun by Martin Luther

Puritans

English Calvinists who sought a thorough cleansing from within the Church of England

Separatists

Radical Calvinists who considered the Church of England so corrupt that they broke with it and formed their own independent churches

Mayflower Compact

The shipboard agreement by the Pilgrim Fathers to establish a body politic and submit to majority rule

Covenant

Puritans' term for their belif that Massachusetts Bay had a special arrangement with God to become a holy society

Parliament

Charles I's political action of 1629 that led to persecution of the Puritans and the formation of the Massachusetts Bay Company

Fishing and shipbuilding

The two major nonfarming industries of Massachusetts Bay

Antinomatism

Anne Hutchinson's heretical belief that the truly saved need not obey human or divine law

exile

Common fate of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson after they were convicted of heresy in Massachusetts Bay

Praying villages

Villages where New England Indians who converted to Christianity were gathered

King Philip's War

Successful military action by the colonies united in the New England Confederation

Glorious Revolution

English revolt that also led to the overthrow of the Dominion of New England in America

Hudson

River valley where vast estates created an aristocratic landholding elite in New Netherland and New York

Smuggling

Common activity in which the colonists engaged to avoid the restrictive, unpopular Navigation Laws

Martin Luther

German monk who began Protestant Reformation

John Calvin

Reformer whose religious ideas inspired English Puritans, Scotch Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and Dutch Reformed

Massasoit

Wampanoag chieftain who befriended English colonists

John Winthrop

Promoter of Massachusetts Bay as a holy "city upon a hill"

Great Puritan Migration

Mass flight by religious dissidents from the persecutions of Archbishop Laud and Charles I

General Court

Representative assembly of Massachusetts Bay

Puritans

Dominant religious group in Massachusetts Bay

Quakers

Religious group persecuted in Massachusetts and New York but not in Pennsylvania

Anne Hutchinson

Religious dissenter convicted of the heresy of antinomianism; challenged the Puritan orthodoxy

Roger Williams

Radical founder of the most tolerant New England colony

King Philip

Indian leader who waged an unsuccessful war against New England's white colonists

Peter Stuyvesant

Conqueror of New Sweden who later lost New Netherland to the English

William Penn

Founder of the most tolerant and democratic of the middle colonies

families

Early Maryland and Virginia settlers had difficulty creating them and even more difficulty making them last

disease

Primary cause of death among tobacco-growing settlers

indentured servants

Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor

execution

Fate of many Nathaniel Bacon's followers, though not of Bacon himself

Rhode Island

American colony that was home to the Newport slave market and many slave traders

Royal African Company

English company that lost its monopoly on the slave trade in 1698

Gullah

African American dialect that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa

slave revolt

Uprisings that occurred in New York City in 1712 (caused thirty-three deaths) and in South Carolina in 1739

first families of Virginia

Wealthy extended clans like the Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons that dominated politics in the most populous colony

early 20s

Approximate marriage age of most New England women

town assemblies

The basic local political institution of New England, in which all freemen gathered to elect officials and debate local affairs

Halfway Covenant

Formula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662 to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion

Salem Witch Trials

Late seventeenth-century judicial even that inflamed popular feelings, led to the deaths of twenty people, and weakened the Puritan clergy's prestige

farming

Primary occupation of most seventeenth-century Americans

Chesapeake

Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements

Indentured servants

Primary laborers in early southern colonies until the 1680s

Nathaniel Bacon

Agitator who led poor former indentured servants and frontiersmen on a rampage against Indian and colonial government

Governor Berkeley

Colonial Virginia official who crushed rebels and wreaked cruel revenge

Royal African Company

Organization whose loss of the slave trade monopoly in 1698 led to free-enterprise expansion of the business