Cognition

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80 Terms

1
Schema
A framework for thinking that is modified through assimilation and accommodation.
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2
Assimilation
Taking in new information but not changing the schema in light of it.
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3
Accommodation
Taking in new information and changing the schema to incorporate the new information.
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4
Algorithms
Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution to certain types of problems.
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5
Heuristics
A rule of thumb that is generally but not always true that we can use to make a judgment in a situation.
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6
Availability Heuristics
The tendency to estimate the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind.
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7
Representativeness Heuristics
The tendency to judge the likelihood of things according to how they relate to a prototype.
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8
Overconfidence
An inflated belief in one's own abilities, knowledge, or judgment.
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9
Belief Perseverance
The tendency to hold on to our beliefs even when faced with contradictory evidence.
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10
Rigid Mental Set
The tendency to fall into established thought patterns.
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11
Functional Fixedness
The inability to see a new use for an object.
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12
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for and use information that supports our preconceptions and ignore information that refutes our ideas.
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13
Framing
The way a problem is presented.
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14
Gambler’s Fallacy
The failure to recognize the independence of chance events, leading to the mistaken belief that one can predict the outcome of a chance event based on past outcomes.
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15
Sunk Cost Fallacy
The reluctance to abandon a strategy or course of action due to heavy investment, even when abandonment would be more beneficial.
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16
Executive Functions
The cognitive processes that allow individuals to generate, organize, plan, and carry out goal-directed behaviors.
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17
Convergent Thinking
Thinking pointed towards one solution.
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18
Divergent Thinking
Thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question.
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19
Recall
The process of retrieving information from memory.
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20
Recognition
The process of identifying the target from possible targets.
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21
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system.
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22
Storage
The retention of encoded material over time.
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23
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
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24
Iconic Memory
Memory for visual stimuli.
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25
Echoic Memory
Memory for sound stimuli.
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26
Prospective Memory
A type of memory related to future actions.
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27
Long-term Potentiation
The process that strengthens synaptic transmission between neurons, thought to be a neural mechanism for learning and memory.
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28
Multi-store Model of Memory
A model by Atkinson & Shiffrin that includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
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29
Short-term Memory
The storage system that holds about 7 items for about 20 seconds.
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30
Explicit Memories
Memories that can be consciously recalled and articulated.
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31
Implicit Memories
Memories that influence behavior but cannot be consciously recalled.
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32
Episodic Memories
Memories of specific events stored in a sequential order.
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33
Semantic Memories
General knowledge of the world stored as facts, meanings, or categories.
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34
Procedural Memory
Memories of skills and how to perform them.
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35
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
The frustrating moment when you know you know something but cannot retrieve it.
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36
Flashbulb Memories
Vivid, detailed memories of significant events, often tied to strong emotions.
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37
Mood Congruent Memory
The tendency to recall memories that are consistent with your current mood.
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38
Ineffective Encoding
A failure to properly encode information into memory.
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39
Decay
Forgetting that occurs because of disuse of a memory.
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40
Retroactive Interference
New information blocks out old information.
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41
Proactive Interference
Old information blocks out new information.
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42
Organic Amnesia
Extensive memory loss due to head injury.
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43
Retrograde Amnesia
Loss of memories that formed before a trauma.
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44
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to form new memories after a trauma.
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45
Fluid Intelligence
Reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information processing.
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46
Crystallized Intelligence
The ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving.
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47
Multiple Intelligences Theory
Gardner's theory suggesting there are at least 9 types of intelligences.
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48
Analytical Intelligence
The ability to analyze and evaluate information effectively.
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49
Creative Intelligence
The ability to think outside the box and generate innovative ideas.
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50
Practical Intelligence
The ability to solve everyday problems and adapt to real-world situations.
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51
Standardization in Testing
Uniform procedures to administer and score a test.
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52
Reliability in Testing
The consistency of results when the test is retested.
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53
Validity in Testing
Whether a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
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54
Aptitude Tests
Tests that measure ability or potential.
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55
Achievement Tests
Tests that measure what you have learned.
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56
Fixed Mindset
The belief that intelligence is fixed from birth.
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57
Growth Mindset
The belief that intelligence can adjust due to experience.
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58
Stereotype Threat
Negative stereotypes can undermine the performance of stigmatized groups.
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59
Flynn Effect
The observed rise in IQ scores over time due to societal factors.
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60

Where does long-term potentiation occur?

Long-term potentiation primarily occurs at synapses in the hippocampus and other areas of the brain associated with learning and memory.

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61

Long term memory

An unlimited storehouse of information

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62

Central executive

Directs attention to tasks

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63

Phonological loop

Deals with auditory information and language 

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64

Phonological store

Holds words heard 

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65

Auditoury store

Holds words heard/seen and silently repeated like an inner voice 

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66

Visuospatial sketchpad

Visual and/or spatial info stored here 

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67

Visual cache

What things look like stores information about the form and the color 

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68

Inner scribe

Processes spatial and movement formation 

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69

Episodic buffer

Dedicated to linking information across the domains to form integrated units of visual, spatial, and verbal information, with time sequencing such as the memory of a story, an event, or a movie scene 

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70

Appearance

When we encode only the physical qualities of something 

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71

Phonemic processing

Which is when we encode its sound 

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72

semantic processing

When we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words with similar meaning 

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73

Primary effect

Tendency to remember items at the beginning of the list 

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74

Recency effect

Tendency to remember items at the end of the test 

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75

Serial positioning effect

Tendency to recall information that is presented first and last better than information in the middle 

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76

state dependent memory

idea that you’re more likely to recall information when you’re in the same physical or emotional state as when you learned it. 

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77

Psuedoforgetting

where you think you’ve forgotten something, but in reality, you never really learned it in the first place. 

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78

Intelligence

The ability to gather and use information in productive ways.

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79

Robert Sternberg and his Triarchic Theory

most commonly accepted theory today

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80

Stanford-Binet Test

 Used Binet’s research to construct the modern day IQ test called the

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