Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas Problems

These flashcards cover key concepts, definitions, and important details from the lecture on liver, biliary tract, and pancreatic problems.

What is hepatitis?

Inflammation of the liver primarily caused by viral infections.

What are the types of hepatitis?

A, B, C, D,

How is Hepatitis A primarily transmitted?

Through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water.

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A?

15 to 50 days.

What diagnostic test indicates acute Hepatitis A?

Presence of HAV IgM.

What populations are at risk for Hepatitis A?

Crowded living environments, exposure to poor sanitation, drug users, and travelers to developing countries.

What preventive measures can be taken against Hepatitis A?

Strict handwashing, avoiding contaminated food/water, and vaccination.

How is Hepatitis B transmitted?

Contact with infected blood, body fluids, or contaminated needles.

What is a key diagnostic marker for Hepatitis B infection?

Presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).

What are some complications of Hepatitis B?

Fulminant hepatitis, chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

What is the recommended prevention for Hepatitis B?

Strict handwashing, screening blood donors, and vaccination.

How is Hepatitis C primarily transmitted?

Through contact with contaminated needles and blood fluids.

What are the complications associated with Hepatitis C?

Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

What prevention strategies are there for Hepatitis C?

Strict handwashing and needle precautions.

What is the name of the virus associated with Hepatitis D?

Delta virus, which occurs only in the presence of Hepatitis B.

What are the symptoms of acute hepatitis?

Flu-like symptoms, jaundice, and possible abdominal pain.

What is a common treatment approach for acute viral hepatitis?

Encourage rest and avoid hepatotoxic medications.

What characterizes cirrhosis?

Irreversible destruction and degeneration of liver cells.

What are signs and symptoms of cirrhosis?

Fatigue, jaundice, and various systemic manifestations.

What are major complications associated with cirrhosis?

Portal hypertension, jaundice, and hepatic encephalopathy.

What dietary management is recommended for cirrhosis patients?

High-calorie, high-carbohydrate and moderate to low fat.

What is acute liver failure?

A rapid onset of severe liver dysfunction in individuals with no prior liver disease.

What are the risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

Cigarette smoking, chronic pancreatitis, and age.

How is acute pancreatitis characterized?

Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes leading to autodigestion.

What are the common symptoms of acute pancreatitis?

Severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

What management strategies exist for chronic pancreatitis?

Pain management, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, and dietary modifications.

What surgical procedure is often associated with pancreatic cancer treatment?

The Whipple procedure.

What diagnostic tests are used for cholecystitis?

Elevated WBC count, liver function tests, and abdominal ultrasound.

What is typical management for gallstones?

Cholecystectomy or nonsurgical management based on severity.