EQ wrong

State and explain the property of water that can help to buffer changes in temperature

Water has a high specific heat capacity due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules.

Can gain energy without changing temperature

2 properties of water that are important in the cytoplasm of the cell

It is a polar molecule
Acts as a universal solvent
Metabolic reactions happen faster in a solvent

Reactive
Takes place in hydrolysis

use of ion

iron ions haemoglobin in blood and transports loads of oxygen.

use of sodium ions

co transport of glucose and amino acids
Because sodium ions moved out by active transport
Creates a diffusion gradient
affects osmosis

Use of phosphate ions

Joins nucleotides together
Produce ATP
Phosphorylates other compounds, making them more reactive

Describe how an ATP molecule is formed from its component molecules.

it has 3 components
-adenine,ribose,3 phosphate molecules

by a condensation reaction
Between ADP and inorganic phosphate
occurs in photosynthesis or respiration reaction
Catalysed by enzyme ATP synthase

Give 2 variables should have controlled
Muscle tissue

Same type of muscle tissue
pH of ATP solution


The pattern in the table
ATP increases the length of tissue decreases
Because more ATP is broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, so more energy released so more muscle contraction.

Suggest why human ATP synthase is not inhibited, and bacterial synthase is inhibited?

Human ATP synthase has a different tertiary structure to bacterial ATP synthase.

why is atp sutibale enrgy soruce in cells

it releases energy in small managable amounts

-does not leave cells

give 2 ways in which the hydrolysis of ATP is used in cells

To add phosphate to other substrates to make them more reactive
-provides energy for active transport.

describe the structure of dna

1. Polymer of nucleotides;


2. Each nucleotide formed from deoxyribose, a phosphate (group) and
an organic/nitrogenous base.


3. Phosphodiester bonds (between nucleotides);

4. Double helix/2 strands held by hydrogen bonds;.#


5. (Hydrogen bonds/pairing) between adenine, thymine and
cytosine, guanine;

Describe how a phosphodiester bond is formed between 2 nucleotides within a DNA molecule.

Condensation (reaction)
2. (Between) phosphate and deoxyribose;
3. (Catalysed by) DNA polymerase;

Describe the role of DNA polymerase in semi conservative replication?

Joins (adjacent DNA) nucleotides;

2. (Catalyses) condensation (reactions);
3. (Catalyses formation of) phosphodiester bonds

The role of the single stranded DNA fragments

Acts as a template
determine the order of bases

the role of DNA nucleotides

Forms complementary pairs

give 2 features of DNA and explain how each one is important in semi conservative replication

Hydrogen bonds easily replicate so allow to separate


two strands act as template

contrast the structures of ATP and a nucelotative found in DNA

dna deoxyribose
atp ribose


atp 3 phosphate
DNA 1 phosphate

why can nucleotides only be added in a 5 and 3 direction?

Specific
only complementary with 5 end

Shapes of 5 and 3 are different.