election of 1860 & secession and the civil war (period 5)

“house divided” speech

delivered by abraham lincoln in which he put the issue of sectionalism and slavery as forefront; delivered during his campaign for u.s. senate

lincoln-douglas debates

a series of debates in july 1858 that lincoln challenged douglas to to attract more media to his campaign; focused on the differing viewpoints of slavery

how did the 1858 election end?

lincoln lost and the democrats lost their majority in the house

election of 1860

freeport doctrine

douglas took no moral stand on the issue of slavery during the 1858 election and stated that the territoties would have to pass and enforce more laws to protect slavery

who nominated abraham lincoln and what were their arguments?

republicans nominated him; platform was based on:

\-free soil

\-immigrant rights

\-a protective tariff

\-homestead for citizens in the west

\-a transcontinental railroad

why was the constitutional union party formed?

southern democrats threatened secession if lincoln was elected; whigs and\` moderates formed the party and elected john bell as their candidate to prevent secession

which states seceded after lincoln’s election as president?

\-south carolina (december 1860)

\-mississippi

\-florida

\-alabama

\-georgia

\-louisiana

\-texas

what happened in february 1861?

the newly seceded states formed the confederate states of america and elected jefferson davis as president of the confederacy

why did the southerners secede?

the idea that the republicans would bring in an end to slavery in the south, which was seen as a threat to states’ rights

fort sumter (april 1861)

a fort belonging to u.s. in south carolina began to run low on supplies; lincoln sent a relief expedition; confederates attacked the fort until it surrendered to southerners april 14th 1861; start of civil war

which states seceded after fort sumter (may 1861)?

virginia, arkansas, tennesee, and north carolina

which states remain as slave states but in the union?

maryland, deleware, kentucky, and missiouri

how was west viriginia turned to its own state?

those in western virginia more strongly supported the union; became its own state in december 1862 on the side of the union

what regional advantages did the north and the south have?

north (union): greater industry and manufacturing, larger population, transportation and communication

south: well-trained generals, high enthusiasm, home soil advantage

first battle at bull run (battle of manassas)

took place july 1861; union was driven bacck by general stonewall jackson adn were forced to retreat to washington; resulted in 1000 deaths total and showed the true nature of the long and bloody war ahead

anaconda plan

union plan that focused on blockading all southern ports to cut off supplies and trade (choking off supplies from europe much like an anaconda)

union four-phase plan

1. anaconda plan
2. control the mississippi river (achieved by 1863)
3. engage in total war (shermans march to sea!)
4. capture richmond (capitol of confederacy)

what did the engage in total war phase of the union plan mean?

general sherman launched a “total war” on the south, attacking soldiers and civilians in the south and destroying cities in sherman’s march to sea

what brought the war to an end?

april 9 1865 when grant and lee met at appomattox court house and lee surrendered the confederate army

massachusetts 54th

an all black military unit formed by the union after the emancipation proclamation; led by robert shaw (white man)

how were black soldiers treated?

\-discrimination was still rampant

\-they were paid less than white soldiers

\-began being recruited after emancipation proclamation in 1863

battle of gettysburg

july 1863; turning point of civil war; union victory in vicksburg (pennsylvania) gave the north control of the mississippi and split the confederacy in two; over 50000 men died in just 3 days

why was the battle of gettysburg a turning point?

it denied the south any further movement along or across the mississippi river; gave the north their first major victory over lee, who was forced to retreat

national draft (conscription) law

created in march 1863 by congress to supply the union army with enough soldiers

new york draft riots (july 1863)

opposition to the draft laws (for civil war) sometimes resulted in violence; largely irish catholic attacked black americans and middle-class protestant whites, who were seen as responsible for the war

how did the confederacy pay for their war?

through paper currency that they started issuing in 1861; they printed too much money and caused inflation

conscription act (1862)

southern version of draft laws; created after volunteers declined; subject all white males between the age of 18 and 35 to military service for 3 years

what was the initial cause of the civil war?

to preserve the union (not to bring an end to slavery); this changed after the emancipation proclamation in 1862

what were the steps taken in 1862-63 for emancipation?

\-april 1862: radical republicans passed a bill abolishing slavery in washington d.c.

\-june 1862: a law was passed outlawing slavery in the territories

\-july 1862: congress passed the confiscation acct (freed all slaves owned by those supporting the inssurection)

battle of antietam (september 1862)

bloodiest single day war; led to a change in war aims and to rectify the moral wrong of slavery

emancipation proclamtion (september 1862)

an public and executive order of president lincoln to abolish slavery all over the u.s.

gettysburg address (november 1863)

delivered four months after battle of gettysburg in the national cemetery; revised the cause of the war and a “new birth of freedom”