CAIE-IGCSE-ICT - Theory

Hardware

The electronic, physical components that make up a typical computer system.

Software

Programs that control the computer system and process data.

Input Device

Any hardware that enables data entry into a computer.

Output Device

A device that shows the result of the processed input.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The component of the computer that understands and executes hardware and software operations.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Temporary memory storage that loses data after power is shut down.

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

Permanent memory storage that can only be read from, storing configuration data.

Operating System

Special software that enables a computer system to function and allows users to communicate with it.

Binary Data

Data in the form of binary digits (0, 1) that computers can understand.

ADC (Analogue to Digital Converter)

Hardware that converts analogue data into digital form.

DAC (Digital to Analogue Converter)

Hardware that converts digital data back into analogue form.

Utility Software

System software that provides necessary facilities, like antivirus and disk management tools.

Application Software

Software that provides services allowing users to perform specific tasks.

Microprocessor

A single integrated circuit that serves as the CPU in computers.

Backing Storage

Storage that retains data permanently, even without power.

Phablet

A hybrid between a smartphone and a tablet, larger than a smartphone but smaller than a tablet.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

A machine or application that carries out tasks requiring some degree of intelligence.

Augmented Reality (AR)

A merger of the virtual and physical worlds, overlaying virtual objects on real ones.

Virtual Reality (VR)

An entirely new world created digitally, requiring special equipment to experience.