ASNC E1 & E2 Review

define term “first-limiting amino acid”

most deficient relative to requirement

first limiting amino acid in pig and poultry

pig - lysine

poultry - methionine

2 nutrient classes that can be readily used for energy by monogastric animals?

Lipids & Carbs

nutrient class with highest energy content?

Lipids (Fats)

List 4 functions of nutrients

1. Maintenance

2. Growth

3. Production

4. Reprodution

general process flow layout in feed mill

1. receive ingredients

2. store ingredients

3. breakdown ingredients

4. batching and mixing

5. conditioning and pelleting

6. feed storage and delivery

True or False: Vitamins cannot be stored in body tissue

False

part of plant cell where most structural carbs found?

Cell wall

what is lipid called when it is liquid at room temp?

oil

True or False: When added to a diet, unsaturated fats are softer and can cause “sloppy fat” in pigs.

True

Cell type that produces mucin in jejunal epithelium?

goblet cells

Non-essential vs Essential amino acids

Non-essential - synthesized/produced by body

Essential - must be obtained through diet, not produced by body

What factors must be considered regarding water intake of animal?

• amount needed (3x water weight)

• interaction between food and water (will some diets require more water)

• quality of water

True or False: Minerals are inorganic solid, crystalline compounds that cannot be synthesized in body.

True

True or False: Unsaturated fats from triglycerides are more digestible so we can use more in grower/finisher pigs to increase weight gain.

False

Name transport mechanism used by animals to absorb nutrients.

Diffusion, active, passive or facilitated.

What must be calculated to correct metabolizable energy

subtract the energy lost as heat due to metabolic processes

According to international classification of feedstuffs, compounds such as antibiotics, enzymes, flavors, antioxidants, and mycotoxin binders can be classified as:

Non-nutritive additives

True or false: all nutrient classes contribute to energy in diet

False

True or false: Hammer mills are the best option for increasing particle size uniformity

False

What is minimum crude protein required for ingredient to be considered protein supplement?

18-20%

List common dietary source for each nutrient:

a. calcium

b. phosphorus

c. sodium

d. zinc

a. limestone

b. MCP

c. salt

d. microminerals/mineral premix

Describe gross energy in dietary ingredient

max available energy, GE is total energy - Fecal to give DE.

2 examples of non-structural carbs.

starch

simple sugars

why can’t DE be calculated for broilers?

because they don’t excrete urine separately.

why do macro-minerals require specific ingredient inclusion to meet requirement?

because amount needed varies by age, stage or production, etc.

True or False: If an amino acid requirement is met with a crystalline source, it cannot be first limiting for that particular diet

True

nutrient classification 2 types

non essential - consumed by animal and SYNTHESIZED INTO WHAT IS NEEDED

essential - consumed and USED DIRECTLY

NON-ESSENTIAL AA

Gly

Ala

Glu

Asp

Gln

Asn

Ser

Tyr

Pro

ESSENTIAL AA

Vale

Phe

Met

Ary

Leu

Lys

His

Thr

Essential AA precrusors for non-essential

Phe —> Tyr

Met + Ser —> Cys

Soybean meal limited in nursery pigs due to

inability to digest it, can cause intestinal inflammation

transports food from mouth to crop

Esophagus

temporary storage, moistens feed

Crop

HCL acid and digestive enzymes such as pepsin. Protein digestion

Proventriculus

Grinding mill, reduce particle size, compensation for lack of teeth

Gizzard

Enzymes & bicarbonate from pancreas. digestion & absorption

Small Intestine - Duodenum

blindended pouch/sac remnant of yolk stalk, aka omphalomesentric duct. Between jejunum and Ileum

Meckel's diverticulum

occurs after duodenum, digestion and absorbption

jejunum then ileum

active microbial fermentation

Ceca

part of large intestine where water absorption occurs

colon
Large intestine comprised of colon and rectum

What does the liver do

produce bile, filters blood, metabolizes nutrients, key for producing proteins for blood clotting, stores nutrients

function of gallbladder

store bile and release bile into small intestine for fat digestion

Pancreas

Exocrine: digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

• enzymes: trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen

Endocrine: insulin and glucagon

why zinc or copper may be used in nursery pig diets?

antibiotic

sources of fiber?

mill-by-products, less than 20-18% crude protein

Soybean hull

purpose of copper sulfate

pharmalogical properties

name of bond that links two amino acids together in a protein? __________. to form bond, molecule of _______________ is eiminated

peptide, water

True or False: Non-essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by body and must be obtained from diet.

False

Amino acids are typically classified based on

R group

protein structure determined by order of amino acids called

priamary

multiple polypeptides come together, resulting structure

quartenary

during protein digestion, this acid ____________ is produced in stomach by cell type ___________

HCl, Parietal

Provide active form name of inactive proenzymes:

pepsinogen

trypsinogen

proelastase

procarboxypeptidase A

pepsin

trypsin

elastase

carboxypeptidase A

Pepsinogen is secreted by _______- in stomach

chief cells

Enterokinase is an enzyme that resides in _______________ of Small intestine, specifically in duodenum

lumen bush border

True or False: Increasing dietary energy concentration increases lysine requirement

True

feeding diet with 3250 kcal/kg and 1.4% lysine. if you need to reduce energy content to 3000 kcal, what should new lysine level be?

1.3%
1.4/3250×3000

Why is is necessary to measure amino acid digestibility at end of ileum instead of using fecal sample in pigs?

microbial fermentation in large intestine influences amino acid digestibility. measuring at end of ileum provides more accuracy.

corn-to-soybean meal ration closely matches amino acid requirement?`

70:30

three main component of dietary fiber

glycogen

hemicellulose

cellulose

glycosidic bonds for amylose and cellulose

Amylose: alpha 1,4

Cellulose: beta 1,4

Lard has an absorbability of 92% while beef tallow is 70%. why?

lard has unsaturated fats. More unsaturated fats = increased absorbability.

What is heat increment?

a portion of ME that is lost due to process of digestion, absorption, metabolism, and nutrient storage.

True or false: fats have lower heat increment than proteins and carbohydrates

True

Monosacchardies in each disaccharide:

maltose

sucrose

lactose

maltose - glucose + glucose

sucrose = fructose + glucose

lactose = glucose + galactose

three minerals involved in bone formation and the vitamin that regulates them

Ca, Mg, P

Regulated by Vitamin D

deficieny leading to night blindness

Vitamin A

Deficiency causes goose stepping

B5

Vitamin produced by gut bacteria and essential for blood clotting

K